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Full Movie Branagh Theatre Live: The Winter's Tale Full Movie

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writers: William Shakespeare; A jealous King jeopardizes his family, friendships, and succession; 8,1 / 10 Stars; ; 2015; directors: Rob Ashford. Kenneth branaghi theater - talvemuinasjutt full movie cast. When you gonna realize... it was just that the time was wrong. Kenneth branaghi theater - talvemuinasjutt full movie full.

Kenneth branaghi theater - talvemuinasjutt full movie theater. Mostly benign hahaha seriously had me cracking. I loved The work of You. Incredible performance. My favorite move. 😘. Kenneth Branaghi teater - Talvemuinasjutt Full. Saw this production while studying abroad at Oxford. Most amazing production ever. When has Tara Fitzgerald not been superb. Kenneth branaghi theater - talvemuinasjutt full movie online. Kenneth branaghi theater - talvemuinasjutt full movie 2015. I hope they will make another Cinderella like movie. oh I love ❤️❤️❤️ to see them paired again. Kenneth branaghi theater - talvemuinasjutt full movie 2017. Kenneth Branaghi teater - Talvemuinasjutt Full movie page.

I want to be your son 😭. Kenneth branaghi theater - talvemuinasjutt full movie hindi. The he looks at her. Kenneth branaghi theater - talvemuinasjutt full movie 2016.

 

I saw this production in Austin, Texas on December 4, 2019. It was screened only ONCE in this city of 50,000 students who attend the University of Texas and many other colleges and schools: there were SIX people there along with me for this superb production. The other five people were a home-schooler with her four charges. This production was as good as any I have ever seen in London, including the Royal Shakespeare Company. Go figure.


They look like a couple and they belong to each they were couples in the past then.
Summary A jealous king jeopardizes his family, friendships and succession. Kenneth Branagh Theatre Company Live: The Winter's Tale Trailer.
He's a stuttering fool I love him 😂😂.
😍😍😍😍😍😘😘😘😘😘😊😊😊😊😊.
Tonight I sit here, listening to this song, remembering 26 years ago when I fell in love at first sight. I am sitting here lucky. A grown son doing well and that same man I fell in love with at my side. The cancer may kill me, but tonight I have this.

So cute how he goes red aww. Kenneth branaghi theater - talvemuinasjutt full movie video. Kenneth branaghi theater - talvemuinasjutt full movie english. Dev Patel, now that's a handsome man, damn. Not sure why but this song brings tears to my eyes everytime I listen to it, truly wonderful music. I respect his incredible love for Shakespeare, but I like watching him do comtemporary works, like Wallander on TV, this reaches more people. Kenneth branaghi theater - talvemuinasjutt full movie watch.

Kenneth branaghi theater - talvemuinasjutt full movie youtube. Film Information | Picturehouse Cinemas Due to phenomenal demand, Kenneth Branagh and Rob Ashford's production of Shakespeare’s miraculous tragicomedy returns to cinemas for the festive season. In a fit of all-consuming jealousy, King Leontes of Sicilia wrecks his marriage and his family, defies the gods and ruins himself. The years pass and a new generation flee their country and take refuge in Sicilia. Unwittingly, they bring the key to the past, present and future. The Winter’s Tale is one of both heartbreak and joy. Telling of kings, shepherds, even a wild bear, it also contains one of the most moving scenes of forgiveness in literature. Starring are Judi Dench, Michael Pennington, Kenneth Branagh, Jessie Buckley and Tom Bateman. This performance was recorded live at London’s Garrick Theatre in 2015. Release Date: 26 Nov 2013 Certificate: PG Rate This Film: My PictureHouse Welcome to your MyPicturehouse login area. If you have not logged in before please activate your in to access your Membership information: Check your remaining Member Free Tickets credits Find out your Membership expiry date Renew or upgrade your Membership See all your purchases and rate films!

YouTube Branagh Theatre Live: The Winter's Tale Full Movie. Is lily dating him in real life. Richard Madden played such a Prince. 3:14 wattpad anyone. Hiddleston gets ridiculously embarrassed by his mass of fans, it's adorable.

Im sure he will adopt me. So cute. Kenneth Branaghi teater - Talvemuinasjutt full movie.

Kenneth Branaghi teater - Talvemuinasjutt Full movie database

Kenneth Branaghi teater - Talvemuinasjutt Full movie

After kit and Cinderellas wedding... Kenneth Branaghi teater - Talvemuinasjutt Full movie page imdb. Richard is soooo cute. Love his reaction ❤️ 😍. How ironic it is. This song is exactly the scene I am facing today after 30 years I first heard it. Romantic and yet heartbreaking. The girl I deeply in loved for 3 years is telling me she's gonna get married, to someone else. Yes, how I wish I can sing this song to her, and yet it's the same I don't have the guts. I don't wanna hurt her. I still love her very much. If now her dream is real, I wish her all the happiness in life. All I can do now is kissing ' the bars of rhyme... You promised me everything You promised me thick and thin Now you just say “Oh Romeo yeah you know I used to have a scene with him” 💔 😢.

Kenneth branaghi theater - talvemuinasjutt full movies. Awww Tom's blushing. hahahaha so adorable :D. Kenneth Branaghi teater - Talvemuinasjutt Full movies. Kenneth Branaghi teater - Talvemuinasjutt Full movie reviews. Kenneth branaghi theater - talvemuinasjutt full movie free. Kenneth branaghi theater - talvemuinasjutt full movie download. Me gusta tu cancion y ademas son hermosas fotos soy muy fan más. Kenneth branaghi theater - talvemuinasjutt full movie dailymotion. Kenneth branaghi theater - talvemuinasjutt full movie 18. Kenneth branaghi theater - talvemuinasjutt full movie list. Kenneth branaghi theater - talvemuinasjutt full movie hd.


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█in Hindi█ Full Movie Created Equal: Clarence Thomas in His Own Words

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Genre=Documentary / stars=Joe Biden, Clarence Thomas / / director=Michael Pack / Ratings=8,4 of 10 / runtime=1 H, 56 minutes. Full movie created equal: clarence thomas in his own words youtube.

Full Movie Created Equal: Clarence Thomas in His Own words of wisdom. Full Movie Created Equal: Clarence Thomas in His Own words on the page. Full movie created equal: clarence thomas in his own words first. Full movie created equal: clarence thomas in his own words online. Looks good.

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Preemptive strike much? Ready to get smeared on HBO. There seems to be a pattern of Democrats exploiting the tragedy of sexual assault for their own political motives. In fact, exploitation is their #1 playbook. Find a group that identifies as victims and exploit their emotions to garner their support. Their supporters are fools for not recognizing that they're being used. Is not the same as Kavanaugh confirmation its a duplicate.

@BigDaddyDJD What decisions do you like of his? For me, Justice Thomas is by far one of the worst justices on the court. He frequently relies on strained readings of the constitution that have in many instances made our legal system less accessible to those without power or income and has made a lot of decisions that are deleterious for the rule of law and democracy. I can point you to decisions if you're interested in.

Long dong silver. I look forward to this movie. Full movie created equal: clarence thomas in his own words list. What a brilliant man. Clarence Thomas, arguably the most conservative justice on the U. S. Supreme Court, may be known for his silence on the bench during oral arguments, but now he’s speaking out. In an upcoming documentary, “Created Equal: Clarence Thomas In His Own Words, ” Thomas describes his faith, his political awakening, his judicial philosophy, and the role race has played in his life, offering viewers rare insight into the mind of a justice known for his reticence on the public stage. “‘This is the wrong black guy, he has to be destroyed, '” Thomas says at one point in the film, characterizing those who opposed his nomination to the Supreme Court nomination in 1991. “Just say it. And now at least we’re honest with each other. ” Remembering the moment that Anita Hill’s allegations that he had sexually harassed her were made public, Thomas says, that’s when “all heck broke loose. ” The new documentary, which TIME saw in an intimate advance screening, will be released in 2020 and set to air on PBS in May. It was made by Manifold Productions, which is led by Michael Pack, a conservative filmmaker who has worked with Steve Bannon. President Donald Trump nominated Pack to be the head of the Broadcasting Board of Governors. The film is largely sympathetic to Thomas. On its website, Manifold Productions says the purpose of the movie is to “tell the Clarence Thomas story truly and fully, without cover-ups or distortions. ” Thomas and his wife Virginia are the only people whose interviews appear in the film. (Other voices, including Hill’s, are included in old footage. ) Pack interviewed Thomas for more than 30 hours over a six month period. Speaking after a screening on Oct. 22, he said he worried that including other original interviews would cause him to “lose Justice Thomas’s voice. ” “I felt it would also let viewers make up their own mind, ” Pack says. “My deal with the audience was to let Justice Thomas tell his story and be fair to his story. ” Much of the film addresses the justice’s upbringing, which brought him from poverty in rural Georgia to the highest court in the land, and tracks his personal and political transitions along the way. But a significant section of the movie also revisits Thomas’s contentious confirmation hearings before the Senate Judiciary Committee, which was at the time overseen by then-Delaware Senator Joe Biden, who is now running for president. “One of the things you do in hearings is you have to sit there and look attentively at people you know have no idea what they’re talking about, ” Thomas says, in reference to a line of questioning from Biden. “Most of my opponents on the Judiciary Committee cared about only one thing: how would I rule on abortion rights? ” Thomas says. “You really didn’t matter, and your life didn’t matter. What mattered was what they wanted. And what they wanted was this particular issue. ” Since joining the Supreme Court, Thomas has voted repeatedly to roll back abortion rights and has urged the court to reconsider Roe v. Wade and other landmark abortion cases. “Our abortion jurisprudence has spiraled out of control, ” he wrote in 2019. It was after the first round of hearings during which Democratic senators pressed him on his judicial philosophy and abortion that Hill testified that Thomas had sexually harassed her at work. Thomas unequivocally denied each of her allegations then—and he does so again in the documentary. In the film, he recalls feeling “deflated” when the FBI first came to his house and asked him about Hill’s allegations, and describes the ensuing media onslaught as him being “literally under siege. ” “Oh God, no, ” Thomas says when Pack asks him whether he watched Hill’s testimony. Thomas says his experience in the hearings made him realize that he had been expecting a certain type of person—as he described them, the ‘bigot, Klansman, and rural sheriff’—to hold him back over the course of his life. But the confirmation hearing changed his mind. “It turned out that through all of that, ultimately the biggest impediment was the modern day liberal, ” he says. Thomas says he was in the bathtub when the Senate voted on October 15, 1991 to confirm him to the Supreme Court. “My reaction is still pretty much the way it is now, ” Thomas says. “I mean, whoop-dee-damn-doo. I wasn’t really all that interested in it. ” “The idea was to get rid of me, ” Thomas says, describing attempts to derail his nomination. “And then after I was there, it was to undermine me. ” Pack says his on-camera interviews with Thomas ended before Justice Brett Kavanaugh’s confirmation hearing in September 2018 when Christine Blasey Ford accused Kavanaugh of sexual assault. But Pack says Thomas had declined to wade into questions about the #MeToo movement over the course of their interviews. Thomas also speaks about the difficulty he says he has experienced being a prominent black conservative. “There’s different sets of rules for different people, ” Thomas says. “If you criticize a black person who’s more liberal, you’re a racist. Whereas you can do whatever to me, or to now [HUD Secretary] Ben Carson, and that’s fine, because you’re not really black because you’re not doing what we expect black people to do. ” Thomas speaks in the film about some of the pillars of his life, including his grandfather who raised him, his religion, and his belief in the principles of the Constitution. He also talks about his judicial philosophy, and why he almost never asks a single question during oral arguments. “We are judges, not advocates, ” Thomas says. “The referee in the game should not be a participant in the game. ” At a low moment in his life, before he becomes a judge, Thomas says he had a reckoning with his purpose and his values. “For what will you die? ” he remembers asking himself. “Is there something in life you would die for? What about your principles? ” Thomas says he decided then that the principles his grandfather raised him with and the principles of this country were worth dying for—and those would shape how he lived. Get our Politics Newsletter. Sign up to receive the day's most important political stories from Washington and beyond. Thank you! For your security, we've sent a confirmation email to the address you entered. Click the link to confirm your subscription and begin receiving our newsletters. If you don't get the confirmation within 10 minutes, please check your spam folder. Write to Tessa Berenson at.

Full Movie Created Equal: Clarence Thomas in His Own words of love.

 

Leaks to the same democratic playbook... Created equal clarence thomas in his own words movie. When is this coming out. What happens in America when a black intellectual who was born into the crushing poverty of the Jim Crow South dares stand up to challenge white liberal Democratic orthodoxy? He is marginalized, socially hamstrung, ridiculed in ugly racist terms and compared by a leading liberal journalist to "chicken eating preachers" taking "crumbs from the white man's table. " He is depicted in racist cartoons as a smiling lawn jockey, and a grinning shoeshine boy polishing a white man's boots. This is how American politics revealed itself to conservative Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas Jr. "License is given to others to attack you any way they want to. You're not really black because you're not doing what we expect black people to do, " Thomas says in the stirring and deeply emotional documentary on his life, "Created Equal: Clarence Thomas in His Own Words. " The film is in theaters, released at the beginning of Black History Month. It will not receive a media buzz, because Thomas' story is deeply threatening to the liberal orthodoxy. And it threatens Joe Biden, now campaigning for president, who was one of those white liberal Democratic senators who tried to destroy Thomas and failed. The climax is Thomas' confrontation with white Senate Democrats, liberals who sought to destroy him using unproven, uncorroborated allegations by Anita Hill that he was a sexual predator. As he was being excoriated in those hearings, Thomas was asked if he considered withdrawing his nomination. He said he'd rather die than withdraw. "Created Equal" is the story of the journey of a hero, of lost archetypes and lost faith, and of one man's descent into anger and violence. In his hatred of racism as a young man, Thomas quit the seminary and embraced the radical revolutionary left. He was later reborn in a renewed Catholic faith. At Yale Law School he became what he called a "fuzzy libertarian, " and ultimately a conservative. The documentary draws on his memoir "My Grandfather's Son. " He tells about living in a shack in Georgia as a boy, the smell of open sewers wafting around him, always hungry, later moving on to the soul-crushing slums of Savannah in the Jim Crow South. But he was saved when his mother turned Thomas and his brother over to their grandfather to raise. Myers Anderson was a stern, hardworking Roman Catholic, an unlettered man who memorized large swaths of the Bible. Upon meeting the boys, he told them that "the damn vacation is over. " The two words grandfather Anderson hated to hear were "I can't. " "Old Man Can't is dead, " he'd say. "I helped bury him. " I watched the film the other day and will watch it again. Yes, I became emotional. And yes, it caused me to weep. I will take my wife and sons to this film and see it again with them, and I ask everyone I know to see it. Washington Post film critic Ann Hornaday reviewed it, admitting she's not a Thomas fan, but she was fair enough to write this: "Thomas' life story is riveting, from its roots in the Gullah culture of coastal Georgia to intergenerational psychodrama worthy of the ancient Greeks. Although I hadn't changed my views of Thomas' opinions by the time the movie ended, I felt I at least understood the man and his contradictions far better than when it began. " What was especially jarring was to revisit the media attacks against Thomas for his opposition to liberal paternalism and policy: welfare dependency, forced busing and affirmative action. Thomas believed liberal social engineering hurt the very people it was supposed to help -- poor African Americans. As a black conservative, there was open season on him. Liberal journalist and former White House adviser Hodding Carter Jr. wrote this, and Thomas reads it with contempt. "As a southerner Mr. Thomas is surely familiar with those chicken-eating preachers, who gladly parroted the segregationist line, in exchange for a few crumbs from the white man's table. He's one of the few left in captivity. " Chicken-eating preachers? In captivity? Thomas pauses after reading that, and adds rather acidly, that "Not a single civil rights leader objected to this nakedly racist language. " The other day I interviewed the film's director, Michael Pack, on "The Chicago Way" podcast I co-host with WGN radio producer Jeff Carlin. "Justice Thomas was getting tired of being defined by his enemies -- by half-truths and outright falsehoods, " said Pack, a onetime liberal who turned conservative. "I researched his life. Didn't know much more than watching his contentious nominating hearings. "But I learned that he is a great American hero. And he has a great story, a classic American story, coming from really dire poverty to the highest court in the land, and it was a story I wanted to tell. " Thomas and his wife, Ginny, sat with Pack for 30 hours of interviews, reliving the pain inflicted upon them by Democratic Sens. Ted Kennedy and Biden. Rather than cower and withdraw, Thomas relied on the memory of his late grandfather. And against advice, he delivered his famous speech angrily declaring that what was happening to him was a nothing but a "high-tech lynching for uppity blacks. " As he relives those ugly days, you can see the hurt and anger hasn't left him. But why would it? Why would it ever leave him? If you've ever told yourself that diversity is important in America, then see this film about the price that is paid for true freedom of thought. To find out where it's playing, go to.

There is no way that lady made any of those things up you got some piece of s. Damn this rings insanely true today. Full movie created equal: clarence thomas in his own words free. Promotional still courtesy Manifold Productions The very private Supreme Court Justice opens up in a very revealing documentary. While much is known about the historical confirmation of Judge Clarence Thomas, and his subsequent professional record on the highest court in the nation, details about the individual himself are relatively scant. Thomas, a notoriously private man, did write a memoir — ” My Grandfather’s Son ’’ — but reading about someone, even in autobiographical form, remains a somewhat distancing enterprise. Hearing from the man and listening to his own stories is a different and absorbing exercise. In ”Created Equal’’ we start out with the early years of his life, growing up in poverty in the South and then getting the chance to move in with his grandparents. Thomas’ grandfather was the formative figure in his life, a stern illiterate man who built himself up to a respectable life in a lower-middle-class setting. This early section is a bit boilerplate in such biographies, but it also serves as illustrating the foundation for the man who endured so much public scorn and rose up despite the social attacks. He entered college life during the turbulent 1960s and became radicalized for a time, but he also built himself up with a strength of character, eventually earning his way into Yale Law School. He had equal parts drive and some galvanized anger, from the social challenges of growing up black in the 60s. He said of his time at Yale he worked his way through with the mantra of, ” Just – Leave – Me – Alone. ’’ That becomes poignant considering the crucible he went through in his SCOTUS confirmation process. As he worked his way through the strata of Washington D. C. Thomas absorbed his share of racist criticisms — deriving from the liberal left. A black man in government was supposed to be working for all of the expected Democrat causes, but Ronald Reagan’s ascendency to the White House transformed Thomas’ views. As he became more of an independent thinker he was also regarded as a turncoat to his race. He details how a brief exchange with then news reporter Juan Williams was stretched to a full article, one that opened Thomas up to all manner of social criticisms. This seems to have at least girded him for the confirmation hellstorm he would face. The surprising aspect is that Thomas was truly ambivalent about his Court appointment. The fact that he was not especially driven to become a Justice possibly helped his cause; that the nomination was not an all-consuming goal of his meant he could face the harsh accusations with a sober eye and confront the charges with the rock-ribbed character his grandfather instilled in him. The footage we are shown revisiting that confirmation process is especially revealing in the wake of the Brett Kavanaugh fiasco we just endured. The actions that the Democrats used on Kavanaugh were almost exactly the same as those hurled at Clarence Thomas decades back. There was the focus on ideology over legal precedent, accusatory questions about prospective rulings that are impossible to answer, attacks of a personal nature that were divorced from his professional record, and then the 11th-hour arrival of a female leveling charges of sexual attacks, just on the eve of his confirmation vote. It is so remarkably similar as to appear that a playbook actually exists with the steps drawn out to discredit a man. Thomas’ reflections on this time are clear-eyed. He expresses bemusement with the early round of questioning, particularly those from then-Senator Joe Biden. We get footage of Biden trying desperately to sound like the legal expert, focusing primarily off the concepts of Natural Law, almost trying to make that sound like a fringe belief system when it was, in fact, something Thomas Jefferson used as the basis of Constitutional writings. Thomas says of Biden’s attempt to sound authoritative on the matter, ” I had no idea what he was talking about. ’’ The most striking part of ‘Created Equal’ is hearing Thomas give his impressions of what he went through with the Anita Hill accusations. Not having heard her testimony, once he was told what she had accused him of saying he almost seemed relieved. That is how confident he was in her testimony being false, and his addressing it. The decision was made that after her time before the committee it would be wisest to have Thomas follow with his time for rebuttal, so her vile charges were not the last thing people heard. As Thomas certainly prepared his comments what was noticeable was his earnestness in fighting back at the charges. He addressed the Senate panel with a firm resolve, not reading a prepared statement but delivering an honest rebuke to the charges and looking at the Senators who had been launching the crudest of personal attacks directly in the eye. It is as impressive a display to watch today as it was back then. The reason this documentary is so compelling is twofold. We get the personal exposure of a man who is by design a cipher, who wants to be known for his professional accomplishments and nothing more. But we also get exposed to many aspects of his career that the press has deliberately elected to not reveal. It becomes a needed record of a deeply impressive figure. Playing in limited release you can check cities for showtimes. If interested in trying to bring ‘Created Equal’ to a theater in your area this link will help to explore the possibility. Covering politics, as well as the business side of Show Business. Expert in fine bourbons, good cigars, competent hockey teams, and horrible movies. Read at RedState, Twitchy, and HotAir Heard at Disasters In The Making podcast Found at @MartiniShark.

Full movie created equal: clarence thomas in his own words movie. Clarence Thomas Thomas in 2007 Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States Incumbent Assumed office October 23, 1991 Nominated by George H. W. Bush Preceded by Thurgood Marshall Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit In office March 12, 1990 – October 23, 1991 Nominated by George H. Bush Preceded by Robert Bork Succeeded by Judith Rogers Chair of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission In office May 6, 1982 – March 12, 1990 President Ronald Reagan George H. Bush Preceded by Eleanor Holmes Norton Succeeded by Evan Kemp Assistant Secretary of Education for the Office for Civil Rights In office 1981–1982 President Ronald Reagan Preceded by Cynthia Brown Succeeded by Harry Singleton Personal details Born June 23, 1948 (age 71) Pin Point, Georgia, U. S. Spouse(s) Kathy Ambush ( m. 1971; div. 1984) Virginia Lamp ( m. 1987) Children 1 Education Conception Seminary College College of the Holy Cross ( BA) Yale University ( JD) Signature This article is part of a series on Conservatism in the United States Schools Compassionate Fiscal Fusion Libertarian Movement Neo Paleo Social Traditional Principles Classical liberalism Family values Free market Free trade Judeo-Christian values Limited government Moral absolutism Natural law Republicanism Rule of law Tradition History Bourbon Democrat Conservative coalition Conservative Democrat Conservative Manifesto Loyalists Modern timeline New Right Old Right Overview Rockefeller Republican Southern Agrarians People Abrams Ailes Alito Anton Armey Atwater Babbtt Bannon Beck Bevin Blackwell Bork Bolton Bozell Jr. Bradford Breitbart Brewer Brooks Buchanan Buckley Jr. Burnham Bush 41 Bush 43 Bush (Jeb) Carlson Carson Cernovich Chambers Cheney Christie Cleveland Coburn Cohn Conway Corker Cotton Coolidge Coulter Crowder Cruz Curtis DeMint Derbyshire Dirksen Dobbs Dobson Dolan Dole D'Souza Elder Eisenhower Erickson Falwell Falwell Jr. Feulner Fischer Fleming Forbes Ford Francis Friedman Friess Frum Gerson Gianforte Gingrich Gottfried Goldberg Goldwater Gorka Gorsuch Graham (Billy) Graham (Franklin) Hannity Hatch Hewitt Hoppe Horowitz Helms Holmes Huckabee Ingraham Jaffa Jones Kavanaugh Kemp Keyes King (Alveda) King (Steve) Kirk Kirkpatrick Kissinger Klayman Knowland Koch (Charles) Koch (David) Krauthammer Kristol (Bill) Kristol (Irving) Laffer Lahren LaPierre Lee Levin Limbaugh Lodge Loesch Lowry Luce Malkin Mason McCarthy McConnell McCurtain McDonald Meadows Meese Mercer (Rebekah) Mercer (Robert) Meyer Miller Moore Mullin Nixon Noonan Norquist North Novak O'Keefe O'Reilly Owens Palin Paul (Rand) Paul (Ron) Pearson Pence Perkins Peterson Phillips Pipes Podhoretz (John) Podhoretz (Norman) Pompeo Porterfield Prager Reagan Reed Robertson (Pat) Robertson (Phil) Rove Rubio Rumsfield Russell Jr. Sanders Sailer Sasse Savage Scalia Schlafly Shapiro Sheldon Smith Sobran Sowell Strauss Stone Taft (Robert A. ) Taft (William Howard) Thomas Thurmond Trump Tyrrell Drew Vandenberg Viguerie Varney Weaver Welch Jr. Weyrich Wolfowitz Will Williams Parties American Party American Independent Party Conservative Party of New York State Constitution Party Democratic Party (early) Federalist Party Libertarian Party Native American Party Prohibition Party Reform Party Republican Party (modern) States' Rights Democratic Party Think tanks Acton Institute Alexis de Tocqueville Institution American Enterprise Institute Center for Immigration Studies Center for Security Policy Center for the National Interest Charles Koch Institute Claremont Institute Competitive Enterprise Institute David Horowitz Freedom Center Discovery Institute Ethics and Public Policy Center Family Research Institute Gatestone Institute The Heartland Institute The Heritage Foundation Hoover Institution Hudson Institute Intercollegiate Studies Institute Institute on the Constitution Manhattan Institute Mises Institute Pacific Research Institute Project for the New American Century Ripon Society R Street Institute Rockford Institute State Policy Network Tax Foundation Other organizations ACT! for America Alliance Defending Freedom American Center for Law & Justice American Family Association American Liberty League Arlington Group Chalcedon Foundation Christian Coalition of America Christian Voice Club for Growth Concerned Women for America ConservAmerica The Conservative Caucus Council of Conservative Citizens Council for National Policy Eagle Forum Faith and Freedom Coalition Family Research Council Federalist Society Federation for American Immigration Reform The Fellowship Focus on the Family Foundation for Individual Rights in Education Foundation for Moral Law Freedom Caucus Freedom Partners FreedomWorks Gun Owners of America Independent Women's Forum John Birch Society John M. 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Anthony List Tea Party Patriots Turning Point USA Traditional Values Coalition United States Chamber of Commerce Young America's Foundation Young Americans for Liberty Youth for Western Civilization Media American Affairs The American Conservative The American Spectator American Renaissance American Thinker Blaze Media Breitbart News Campus Reform Chicago Tribune CBN City Journal Claremont Review of Books Commentary Conservative Review Chronicles Daily Caller Daily Signal Daily Wire Dallas Morning News Drudge Report The Federalist First Things Fox Business Fox News FrontPage Magazine Front Porch Republic Gateway Pundit Hot Air Human Events Independent Journal Review InfoWars Jewish World Review Jihad Watch Las Vegas Review-Journal LifeSiteNews LifeZette Modern Age National Affairs The National Interest National Review The New American The New Criterion NewsBusters Newsmax New York Observer New York Post One America News Network PanAm Post Policy Review Power Line PragerU PJ Media Rare Real News Update RedState RSBN Sinclair Broadcast Group The Spotlight Taki's Magazine Townhall TruthRevolt Twitchy VDARE The Wall Street Journal Washington Examiner The Washington Free Beacon The Washington Times The Weekly Standard The Western Journal WorldNetDaily Variants and movements Asian and Pacific Islander conservatism Black conservatism Christian right Conservative Democrats Female conservatism Green conservatism LGBT conservatism Libertarian conservatism Libertarian Republicans Patriot movement Radical Right Right-libertarianism Tea Party movement See also American nationalism Bibliography Libertarianism List Conservatism portal v t e Clarence Thomas (born June 23, 1948) is an American judge, lawyer, and government official who currently serves as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. He is currently the most senior associate justice on the Court following the retirement of Anthony Kennedy. Thomas succeeded Thurgood Marshall and is the second African American to serve on the Court. Among the current members of the Court he is the longest-serving justice, with a tenure of 28 years, 144 days as of March 15, 2020. Thomas grew up in Savannah, Georgia, and was educated at the College of the Holy Cross and at Yale Law School. He was appointed an Assistant Attorney General in Missouri in 1974, and subsequently practiced law there in the private sector. In 1979, he became a legislative assistant to United States Senator John Danforth, and in 1981 was appointed Assistant Secretary for Civil Rights at the U. Department of Education. In 1982, President Ronald Reagan appointed Thomas Chairman of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). In 1990, President George H. Bush nominated Thomas for a seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. He served in that role for 16 months, and on July 1, 1991, was nominated by Bush to fill Marshall's seat on the U. Supreme Court. Thomas's confirmation hearings were bitter and intensely fought, centering on an accusation that he had sexually harassed attorney Anita Hill, a subordinate at the Department of Education and subsequently at the EEOC. Hill claimed that Thomas had repeatedly made sexual and romantic overtures to her, despite her repeatedly rebuffing him and telling him to stop; Thomas and his supporters claimed that Hill, witnesses who came forward on her behalf, and her supporters had fabricated the allegations to prevent a black conservative from getting a seat on the Supreme Court. The U. Senate ultimately confirmed Thomas by a vote of 52–48. Since joining the court, Thomas has taken a textualist approach, seeking to uphold the original meaning of the United States Constitution and statutes. He is also, along with fellow justice Neil Gorsuch, an advocate of natural law jurisprudence. Thomas is generally viewed as the most conservative member of the court. [1] [2] [3] Thomas is also known for almost never speaking during oral arguments. [4] Early life Clarence Thomas was born in 1948 in Pin Point, Georgia, a small, predominantly black community near Savannah founded by freedmen after the American Civil War. He was the second of three children born to M. C. Thomas, a farm worker, and Leola Williams, a domestic worker. [5] [6] They were descendants of American slaves, and the family spoke Gullah as a first language. [7] Thomas's earliest known ancestors were slaves named Sandy and Peggy, who were born around the end of the 18th century and owned by wealthy planter Josiah Wilson of Liberty County, Georgia. [8] M. left his family when Thomas was two years old. Thomas's mother worked hard but was sometimes paid only pennies per day. She had difficulty putting food on the table, and was forced to rely on charity. [9] After a house fire left them homeless, Thomas and his younger brother Myers were taken to live with his maternal grandparents in Savannah, Georgia. Thomas was seven when the family moved in with his maternal grandfather, Myers Anderson, and Anderson's wife, Christine ( née Hargrove), in Savannah. [10] Living with his grandparents, Thomas enjoyed amenities such as indoor plumbing and regular meals for the first time in his life. [5] His grandfather, Myers Anderson, had little formal education, but had built a thriving fuel oil business that also sold ice. Thomas calls his grandfather "the greatest man I have ever known. " [10] When Thomas was 10, Anderson started taking the family to help at a farm every day from sunrise to sunset. [10] His grandfather believed in hard work and self-reliance; he would counsel Thomas to "never let the sun catch you in bed. " Thomas' grandfather also impressed upon his grandsons the importance of getting a good education. [5] Raised Catholic, he attended the majority-black St. Pius X high school for two years before transferring to St. John Vianney's Minor Seminary on the Isle of Hope, where he was an honor student and among very few black students. [10] [11] He also briefly attended Conception Seminary College, a Roman Catholic seminary in Missouri. No one in Thomas's family had attended college. [11] In a number of interviews, Thomas stated that he left the seminary in the aftermath of the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. He had overheard another student say after the shooting, "Good, I hope the son of a bitch died. " [6] [12] He did not think the church did enough to combat racism. [10] At a nun's suggestion, Thomas attended the College of the Holy Cross in Worcester, Massachusetts. While there, Thomas helped found the Black Student Union. Once, he walked out after an incident in which black students were punished while white students went undisciplined for committing the same violation; some of the priests negotiated with the protesting black students to re-enter the school. [11] Having spoken the Gullah language as a child, Thomas realized in college that he still sounded unpolished despite having been drilled in grammar at school, and he chose to major in English literature "to conquer the language. " [13] At Holy Cross, he was also a member of Alpha Sigma Nu and the Purple Key Society. [14] Thomas graduated from Holy Cross in 1971 with an A. B. cum laude in English literature. [13] [14] Thomas had a series of deferments from the military draft while in college at Holy Cross. Upon graduation, he was classified as 1-A and received a low lottery number, indicating he might be drafted to serve in Vietnam. Thomas failed his medical exam, due to curvature of the spine, and was not drafted. [15] Thomas entered Yale Law School, from which he received a Juris Doctor (J. D. ) degree in 1974, graduating towards the middle of his class. [16] Thomas has recollected that his Yale Juris Doctor degree was not taken seriously by law firms to which he applied after graduating. He said that potential employers assumed he obtained it because of affirmative action policies. [17] In 1969 Dean Louis Pollak wrote that the law school was expanding its program of quotas for black applicants, with up to 24 entering that year admitted under a system that deemphasized grades and LSAT scores. [18] According to Thomas, he was "asked pointed questions, unsubtly suggesting that they doubted I was as smart as my grades indicated. " [19] He further reflected: I peeled a fifteen-cent sticker off a package of cigars and stuck it on the frame of my law degree to remind myself of the mistake I'd made by going to Yale. I never did change my mind about its value. [20] Influences In 1975, when Thomas read Race and Economics by economist Thomas Sowell, he found an intellectual foundation for his philosophy. [9] [21] [22] The book criticized social reforms by government and instead argued for individual action to overcome circumstances and adversity. He was also influenced by Ayn Rand, [23] particularly The Fountainhead, and would later require his staffers to watch the 1949 film version of the novel. [9] Thomas later said that novelist Richard Wright had been the most influential writer in his life; Wright's books Native Son and Black Boy "capture[d] a lot of the feelings that I had inside that you learn how to repress. " [24] Thomas acknowledges having "some very strong libertarian leanings. " [25] Career Early career Thomas with President Ronald Reagan in 1986, while serving as chairman of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Thomas was admitted to the Missouri bar on September 13, 1974. [26] From 1974 to 1977, Thomas was an Assistant Attorney General of Missouri under State Attorney General John Danforth, who met Thomas at Yale Law School. Thomas was the only African-American member of Danforth's staff. [27] As Assistant Attorney General, Thomas first worked at the criminal appeals division of Danforth's office and moved on to the revenue and taxation division. [28] Retrospectively, Thomas considers Assistant Attorney General the best job he has ever had. [29] When Danforth was elected to the U. Senate in 1976, Thomas left to become an attorney with the Monsanto Chemical Company in St. Louis, Missouri. [30] He moved to Washington, D. and returned to work for Danforth from 1979 to 1981 as a Legislative Assistant handling energy issues for the Senate Commerce Committee. [31] The two men shared a common bond in that they had studied to be ordained (although in different denominations). Danforth was to be instrumental in championing Thomas for the Supreme Court. In 1981, he joined the Reagan administration, serving first as Assistant Secretary of Education for the Office for Civil Rights in the U. Department of Education, and then, from 1982 to 1990, as chairman of the U. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission ("EEOC"). Journalist Evan Thomas characterized Thomas as "openly ambitious for higher office" during his tenure at the EEOC. As Chairman, he promoted a doctrine of self-reliance, and halted the usual EEOC approach of filing class-action discrimination lawsuits, instead pursuing acts of individual discrimination. [32] He also asserted in 1984 that black leaders were "watching the destruction of our race" as they "bitch, bitch, bitch" about President Reagan instead of working with the Reagan administration to alleviate teenage pregnancy, unemployment and illiteracy. [33] Federal judge On October 30, 1989, Thomas was nominated by President George H. Bush to a seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit following the departure of Robert Bork, [34] despite Thomas's initial protestations that he would not like to be a judge. [35] Thomas gained the support of other African Americans such as former Transportation Secretary William Coleman, but said that when meeting white Democratic staffers in the United States Senate, he was "struck by how easy it had become for sanctimonious whites to accuse a black man of not caring about civil rights. " [35] Thomas's confirmation hearing was uneventful. [36] He was confirmed by the United States Senate on March 6, 1990, and received his commission the same day. He developed warm relationships during his 19 months on the federal court, including with fellow federal judge Ruth Bader Ginsburg. [35] [37] Supreme Court nomination and confirmation Announcement and hearings When Associate Justice William Brennan retired from the Supreme Court in July 1990, Thomas was one of five candidates on President Bush's shortlist for the position and Bush's favorite. Ultimately however, after consulting with his advisors, the president decided to hold off on choosing Thomas, and nominated David Souter of the First Circuit Court of Appeals instead. [35] A year later, Justice Thurgood Marshall, the only African-American justice on the Court announced his retirement, and President Bush nominated Thomas to replace him. [38] In announcing his selection on July 1, 1991, Bush called Thomas the "best qualified [nominee] at this time. " [35] U. presidents of that era submitted lists of potential federal court nominees to the American Bar Association (ABA) for a confidential rating of their judicial temperament, competence and integrity on a three-level scale of well qualified, qualified or unqualified. [39] However, as noted by Adam Liptak of The New York Times, the ABA has historically taken generally liberal positions on divisive issues, and studies suggest that candidates nominated by Democratic presidents fare better in the group's ratings than those nominated by Republicans. [40] Anticipating that the ABA would rate Thomas more poorly than they thought he deserved, the White House and Republican Senators pressured the ABA for at least the mid-level qualified rating, and simultaneously attempted to discredit the ABA as partisan. [41] The ABA did rate Thomas as qualified, although with one of the lowest levels of support for a Supreme Court nominee. [42] [43] [44] [45] [46] [47] Ultimately, the ABA rating ended up having little impact on Thomas' nomination. [39] [41] Some of the public statements of Thomas's opponents foreshadowed the confirmation fight that would occur. Both liberal interest groups and Republicans in the White House and Senate approached the nomination as a political campaign. [48] [49] Attorney General Richard Thornburgh had previously warned Bush that replacing Thurgood Marshall, who was widely revered as a civil rights icon, with any candidate who was not perceived to share Marshall's views would make the confirmation process difficult. [50] Civil rights and feminist organizations opposed the appointment based partially on Thomas's criticism of affirmative action and suspicions that Thomas might not be a supporter of Roe v. Wade. [51] Thomas's formal confirmation hearings began on September 10, 1991. [52] Thomas was reticent when answering Senators' questions during the appointment process, recalling what had happened to Robert Bork when Bork expounded on his judicial philosophy during his confirmation hearings four years prior. [53] Thomas's earlier writings had frequently referenced the legal theory of natural law; during his confirmation hearings Thomas limited himself to the statement that he regards natural law as a "philosophical background" to the Constitution. [54] [55] [56] Anita Hill allegations After the conclusion of the confirmation hearings, and while the full Senate was debating whether to give final approval to Thomas's nomination, an FBI interview with Anita Hill was leaked to the press. As a result, on October 8, the final vote was postponed and the confirmation hearings were reopened. [57] Hill was called to testify before the Judiciary Committee. She testified that Thomas had subjected her to comments of a sexual nature, which she felt constituted sexual harassment or at least "behavior that is unbefitting an individual who will be a member of the Court. " [58] [59] [60] [61] Hill's testimony included lurid details, and some Senators aggressively questioned her. [62] Thomas was recalled before the committee. He denied the allegations, saying: [63] This is not an opportunity to talk about difficult matters privately or in a closed environment. This is a circus. It's a national disgrace. And from my standpoint, as a black American, as far as I'm concerned it is a high-tech lynching for uppity blacks who in any way deign to think for themselves, to do for themselves, to have different ideas, and it is a message that unless you kowtow to an old order, this is what will happen to you. You will be lynched, destroyed, caricatured by a committee of the U. Senate rather than hung from a tree. [64] Throughout his testimony, Thomas defended his right to privacy. He made it clear that he was not going to put his personal life on display for public consumption, permit the committee (or anyone else) to probe his private life, or describe discussions that he may have had with others about his private life. The committee accepted his right to do so. [65] In 2007, Thomas wrote My Grandfather's Son: A Memoir, in which he addressed Anita Hill's allegations and the caustic confirmation hearing. [66] Hill was the only person to come forward and publicly testify that they had been sexually harassed by Clarence Thomas. [67] Angela Wright, who worked under Thomas at the EEOC before he fired her, [68] decided not to testify, [69] but submitted a written statement alleging that Thomas had pressured her for a date and had made comments about the anatomy of women. However, she said she did not feel his behavior was intimidating nor did she feel sexually harassed, though she allowed that "[s]ome other women might have". [70] [71] [72] Also, Sukari Hardnett, a former Thomas assistant, wrote to the Senate committee that although Thomas had not harassed her, "If you were young, black, female and reasonably attractive, you knew full well you were being inspected and auditioned as a female. " [73] [74] In addition to Hill and Thomas, the Judiciary heard from several other witnesses over the course of three days, on October 11–13, 1991. [75] A former colleague, Nancy Altman, who shared an office with Thomas at the Department of Education, testified that she heard virtually everything Thomas said over the course of two years, and never heard any sexist or offensive comment. Altman did not find it credible that Thomas could have engaged in the conduct alleged by Hill without any of the dozens of women he worked with noticing it. [76] Reflecting the skepticism of some committee members, Senator Alan K. Simpson questioned at one point why Hill met, dined with, and spoke by phone with Thomas on various occasions after they no longer worked together. [77] Senate votes After extensive debate, the Judiciary Committee voted 13–1 on September 27, 1991, to send the Thomas nomination to the full Senate without recommendation. A motion earlier in the day to give the nomination a favorable recommendation had failed 7–7. [78] Anita Hill's sexual harassment allegations against Clarence Thomas became public after the nomination had been reported out from the committee. [75] Clarence Thomas being sworn in as a member of the U. Supreme Court by Justice Byron White during an October 23, 1991, White House ceremony, as wife Virginia Thomas looks on During debate on whether to confirm Thomas, the Senate asked the Judiciary Committee to further examine the nomination in light of Anita Hill's accusations. It was only the third time in the Senate's history that such an action had been taken (and had not been done since 1925, when the nomination of Harlan F. Stone was recommitted to the Judiciary Committee). [75] Following testimony concerning sexual harassment allegations, the Senate, on October 15, 1991, voted to confirm Thomas as an associate justice of the Supreme Court by a 52–48 vote. [75] In all, Thomas won with the support of 41 Republicans and 11 Democrats, while 46 Democrats and 2 Republicans voted to reject his nomination. [79] The 99 days that elapsed from the date Thomas's nomination was submitted to the Senate to the date on which the Senate voted whether to approve it was the second longest of the 16 nominees receiving a final vote since 1975, second only to Robert Bork, who waited 108 days; [75] and the vote was the narrowest margin for approval since 1881, when Stanley Matthews was confirmed 24–23. [80] Vice President Dan Quayle presided over the vote in his role as President of the Senate, prepared to cast a tie-breaking vote if needed for confirmation. [81] [82] Eight days after Thomas won Senate confirmation, on October 23, he received his commission and took the prescribed constitutional and judicial (set by federal law) oaths of office, and became the 106th member of the Court. He was sworn-in by Justice Byron White in a ceremony initially scheduled for October 21, but postponed due to the death of Chief Justice William Rehnquist 's wife. [83] [84] Public perception Thomas is associated with the more conservative side of the Court. [85] Thomas has rarely given media interviews during his time on the court. He said in 2007: "One of the reasons I don't do media interviews is, in the past, the media often has its own script. " [11] In 2007, Thomas received a $1. 5 million advance for writing his memoir, My Grandfather's Son; it became a bestseller. [86] [87] Thomas biographer Scott Douglas Gerber has opined that attacks against Thomas from critics such as Jeffrey Toobin have been unusually vitriolic. Gerber stated that one reason may be Thomas' race. There are a number of explanations for this phenomenon. The first is grounded in race and ethnicity. We should not forget that Thurgood Marshall, Justice Thomas's predecessor on the Supreme Court, and the first African-American appointed, was also sharply criticized during his appointment process and in his early days on the Court. The fact that Justice Thomas is black has undoubtedly played a similar role in how he has been assessed, no matter how much we may hate to admit it. [88] —  Scott Douglas Gerber, First principles: the jurisprudence of Clarence Thomas Other critics have outlined separate reasons. They raise liberals ' disappointment that Thomas has departed so much from the jurisprudence of his predecessor, Thurgood Marshall. [88] Additional causes for the harsh criticism of Thomas may be the inherently explosive nature of sexual misconduct accusations, the suspicion among some people that Thomas was not forthcoming during his confirmation hearings, and the belief that, ironically, Thomas' nomination was a kind of affirmative action akin to the programs that he has criticized as a judge. [88] Thomas has said he has a preference for non- Ivy League clerks, although he has hired them. [89] Schools from which Thomas has hired include Notre Dame Law School, [90] Creighton, Rutgers, George Mason, and the University of Utah. [91] In 2006, Thomas had a 48% favorable, 36% unfavorable rating, according to Rasmussen Reports. [92] [93] Judicial philosophy Conservatism and originalism Thomas is often described as an originalist, or textualist, and a member of the conservative wing of the Supreme Court. [5] [94] [95] He is also often described as the most conservative member of the Supreme Court, [16] [96] [97] although others gave Justice Scalia that designation. [98] [99] [100] Scalia and Thomas had similar but not identical judicial philosophies, and pundits speculate about the degree to which Scalia thought some of Thomas's views to be implausible. [101] [102] Thomas's jurisprudence has also been described as similar to that of Justice Hugo Black, who "resisted the tendency to create social policy out of 'whole cloth. '" [103] According to the same commentator, Thomas generally declines to engage in judicial lawmaking, and instead views the constitutional role of the court as being the interpretation of law, rather than the making of law. [103] Voting alignment Thomas voted most frequently with Chief Justice Rehnquist and Justice Scalia in his early tenure on the Supreme Court. [85] On average, from 1994 to 2004, Scalia and Thomas had an 87% voting alignment, the highest on the court, followed by Ginsburg and Souter (86%). [104] Scalia and Thomas's agreement rate peaked in 1996, at 98%. [104] By 2004, however, other pairs of justices were observed to be more closely aligned than Scalia and Thomas. [105] The conventional wisdom that Thomas's votes follow Antonin Scalia's is reflected by Linda Greenhouse 's observation that Thomas voted with Scalia 91 percent of the time during October Term 2006, and with Justice John Paul Stevens the least, 36% of the time. [106] Jan Crawford asserts that to some extent, this is true in the other direction as well, that Scalia often joins Thomas instead of Thomas joining Scalia. [107] Statistics compiled annually by Tom Goldstein of SCOTUSblog demonstrate that Greenhouse's count is methodology-specific, counting non-unanimous cases where Scalia and Thomas voted for the same litigant, regardless of whether they got there by the same reasoning. [108] Goldstein's statistics show that the two agreed in full only 74% of the time, and that the frequency of agreement between Scalia and Thomas is not as outstanding as is often implied by pieces aimed at lay audiences. For example, in that same term, Souter and Ginsburg voted together 81% of the time by the method of counting that yields a 74% agreement between Thomas and Scalia. By the metric that produces the 91% Scalia/Thomas figure, Ginsburg and Breyer agreed 90% of the time. Roberts and Alito agreed 94% of the time. [109] Crawford wrote in her book on the Supreme Court that Thomas's forceful views moved "moderates like Sandra Day O'Connor further to the left" [110] but frequently attracted votes from Rehnquist and Scalia. [111] Mark Tushnet and Jeffrey Toobin observed that Rehnquist rarely assigned important majority opinions to Thomas because the latter's views made it difficult for him to persuade a majority of justices to join him. [112] Number of dissenting opinions From 1994 to 2004, on average, Thomas was the third most frequent dissenter on the court, behind Stevens and Scalia. [104] Four other justices dissented as frequently in 2007. [113] Three other justices dissented as frequently in 2006. [114] One other justice dissented as frequently in 2005. [115] Stare decisis Thomas spoke favorably about the concept of stare decisis, or standing by precedent, during his confirmation hearings, stating that "stare decisis provides continuity to our system, it provides predictability, and in our process of case-by-case decision making, I think it is a very important and critical concept. " [116] However, according to Antonin Scalia, Thomas "doesn't believe in stare decisis, period. " [117] This assessment is consistent with Thomas's record on the bench: factoring in length of tenure, Thomas urged overruling and joined in overruling precedents more frequently than any other justice during the Rehnquist Court. [118] Also according to Scalia, Thomas is more willing to overrule constitutional cases than he was: "If a constitutional line of authority is wrong, he would say let's get it right. I wouldn't do that. " [119] Law professor Michael Gerhardt, however, says that Scalia's characterization of Thomas may be incorrect, given that Thomas has supported leaving a broad spectrum of constitutional decisions intact. [120] Thomas's belief in originalism is strong; he has said, "When faced with a clash of constitutional principle and a line of unreasoned cases wholly divorced from the text, history, and structure of our founding document, we should not hesitate to resolve the tension in favor of the Constitution's original meaning. " [121] Thomas believes that an erroneous decision can and should be overturned, no matter how old it is. [121] Court of Appeals Judge Amy Coney Barrett maintains that Thomas supports statutory stare decisis. Her cited examples include Thomas's concurring opinion in Fogerty v. Fantasy, 510 U. 517 (1994). [122] In Franchise Tax Bd. of Cal. v. Hyatt (2019), Thomas wrote the 5–4 decision along ideological lines overruling Nevada v. Hall (1979), the earlier decision which said states could be sued in courts of other states. Thomas stated that stare decisis “is not an inexorable command. ” Thomas explicitly disavowed the concept of reliance interests as justification for adhering to precedent. In dissent from Franchise Tax Bd. of Cal., Justice Stephen Breyer asked what other decisions might eventually be overruled. Breyer suggested Roe v. Wade (1973) might be overruled. Breyer stated that it is best to leave precedents alone unless they are widely seen as erroneous or become impractical. [123] [124] In Flowers v. Mississippi (2019), a 7–2 decision, in a dissent from the ruling overturning Mississippi resident Curtis Flowers ’ death sentence, joined only by Neil Gorsuch, Thomas wrote an opinion that suggests Batson v. Kentucky (1986), which forbids prosecutors from using race as a factor in making peremptory challenges in jury selection, was wrongly decided and should be overruled. Gorsuch, however, did not join the section of Thomas’ opinion suggesting Batson should be overruled. [125] Commerce Clause Thomas has consistently supported narrowing the court's interpretation of the constitution's Interstate Commerce Clause (which often is simply called the "Commerce Clause") to limit federal power. At the same time, Thomas has broadly interpreted states' sovereign immunity from lawsuits under the Commerce Clause. [126] In United States v. Lopez and United States v. Morrison, the court held that Congress lacked power under the Commerce Clause to regulate non-commercial activities. In these cases, Thomas wrote a separate concurring opinion arguing for the original meaning of the Commerce Clause. Subsequently, in Gonzales v. Raich, the court interpreted the Interstate Commerce Clause combined with the Necessary and Proper Clause to empower the federal government to arrest, prosecute, and imprison patients who used marijuana grown at home for medicinal purposes, even where the activity is legal in that particular state. Thomas dissented in Raich, again arguing for the original meaning of the Commerce Clause. Thomas and Scalia had rejected the notion of a Dormant Commerce Clause, also known as the "Negative Commerce Clause". That doctrine bars state commercial regulation even if Congress has not yet acted on the matter. [127] In Lopez, Thomas expressed his view that federal regulation of either manufacturing or agriculture is unconstitutional; he sees both as outside the scope of the Commerce Clause. [128] [129] He believes federal legislators have overextended the Commerce Clause, while some of his critics argue that Thomas's position on congressional authority would invalidate much of the contemporary work of the federal government. [129] According to Thomas, it is not the court's job to update the constitution. Proponents of broad national power such as Professor Michael Dorf deny that they are trying to update the constitution. Instead, they argue that they are merely addressing a set of economic facts that did not exist when the constitution was framed. [130] Executive power, federalism, and federal statutes Executive power Thomas has argued that the executive branch has broad authority under the constitution and federal statutes. In Hamdi v. Rumsfeld, he was the only justice who agreed with the Fourth Circuit that Congress had power to authorize the president's detention of U. citizens who are enemy combatants. Thomas granted the federal government the "strongest presumptions" and said "due process requires nothing more than a good-faith executive determination" to justify the imprisonment of Hamdi, a U. citizen. [131] Thomas also was one of three justices who dissented in Hamdan v. Rumsfeld, which held that the military commissions set up by the Bush administration to try detainees at Guantanamo Bay required explicit congressional authorization, and held that the commissions conflicted with both the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ) and "at least" Common Article Three of the Geneva Convention. [132] Thomas argued that Hamdan was an illegal combatant and therefore not protected by the Geneva Convention, and he agreed with Justice Scalia that the court was "patently erroneous" in its declaration of jurisdiction in this case. In the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit case East Bay Sanctuary Covenant v. Trump (2018), which placed an injunction on the Donald Trump administration's asylum policy, Thomas dissented from a denial of stay application. The Ninth Circuit imposed an injunction on the Trump administration's policy only granted asylum to refugees entering from a designated port of entry, ruling that it violates the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952. Ninth Circuit Judge Jay Bybee ’s majority opinion in an injunction order concluded that denial of the ability to apply for asylum regardless of entry point is "the hollowest of rights that an alien must be allowed to apply for asylum regardless of whether she arrived through a port of entry if another rule makes her categorically ineligible for asylum based on precisely that fact. " Thomas' Supreme Court colleagues Neil Gorsuch, Samuel Alito, and Brett Kavanaugh also dissented in the 5–4 Supreme Court decision to deny a stay to the Ninth Circuit's injunction. [133] [134] Federalism Federalism was a central part of the Rehnquist Court's constitutional agenda. [135] Thomas consistently voted for outcomes that promoted state-governmental authority, in cases involving federalism-based limits on Congress's enumerated powers. [135] According to law professor Ann Althouse, the court has yet to move toward "the broader, more principled version of federalism propounded by Justice Thomas. " [136] In Foucha v. Louisiana, Thomas dissented from the majority opinion that required the removal from a mental institution of a prisoner who had become sane. [137] The court held that a Louisiana statute violated the Due Process Clause "because it allows an insanity acquittee to be committed to a mental institution until he is able to demonstrate that he is not dangerous to himself and others, even though he does not suffer from any mental illness. " [138] Dissenting, Thomas cast the issue as a matter of federalism. [137] "Removing sane insanity acquittees from mental institutions may make eminent sense as a policy matter, " he concluded, "but the Due Process Clause does not require the States to conform to the policy preferences of federal judges. " [138] In United States v. Comstock, Thomas' dissent argued for the release of a former federal prisoner from civil commitment, again on the basis of federalism. [139] In U. Term Limits, Inc. Thornton, he authored the dissent defending term limits on federal house and senate candidates as a valid exercise of state legislative power. [140] Federal statutes As of 2007, Thomas was the justice most willing to exercise judicial review of federal statutes, but among the least likely to overturn state statutes. [141] According to a The New York Times editorial, "from 1994 to 2005... Justice Thomas voted to overturn federal laws in 34 cases and Justice Scalia in 31, compared with just 15 for Justice Stephen Breyer. " [142] In the 2009 Northwest Austin Municipal Utility District No. 1 v. Holder case, Thomas was the sole dissenter, voting in favor of throwing out Section Five of the 1965 Voting Rights Act. Section Five requires states with a history of racial voter discrimination—mostly states from the old South—to get Justice Department clearance when revising election procedures. Although Congress had reauthorized Section Five in 2006 for another 25 years, Thomas said the law was no longer necessary, pointing out that the rate of black voting in seven Section Five states was higher than the national average. Thomas said "the violence, intimidation and subterfuge that led Congress to pass Section 5 and this court to uphold it no longer remains. " [143] He again took this position in Shelby County v. Holder, voting with the majority and concurring with the reasoning which struck down Section Five. [144] Bill of Rights First Amendment By 2002, Thomas was the second most likely among the nine justices to uphold free speech claims (tied with David Souter). [145] He has voted in favor of First Amendment claims in cases involving a wide variety of issues, including pornography, campaign contributions, political leafleting, religious speech, and commercial speech. [ citation needed] Thomas has made public his belief, that all limits on federal campaign contributions are unconstitutional, and should be struck down. [146] Thomas voted with the majority in Citizens United v. FEC. [147] On occasion, however, Thomas has disagreed with free speech claimants. For example, he dissented in Virginia v. Black, a case that struck down part of a Virginia statute that banned cross burning. Concurring in Morse v. Frederick, he argued that the free speech rights of students in public schools are limited. [148] In Walker v. Texas Division, Sons of Confederate Veterans, he joined the majority opinion that Texas's decision to deny a request for a Confederate Battle Flag specialty license plate is constitutional. [149] Thomas authored the decision in Ashcroft v. ACLU, which held that the Child Online Protection Act might (or might not) be constitutional. The government was enjoined from enforcing it, pending further proceedings in the lower courts. [150] Thomas wrote concurrences in McIntyre v. Ohio Elections Commission, 514 U. 334 (1995) [151] and United States v. Playboy Entertainment Group (2000). In Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow, Thomas wrote: "It may well be the case that anything that would violate the incorporated Establishment Clause would actually violate the Free Exercise Clause, further calling into doubt the utility of incorporating the Establishment Clause. " [152] and in Cutter v. Wilkinson, Thomas wrote: "I note, however, that a state law that would violate the incorporated Establishment Clause might also violate the Free Exercise Clause. " [153] Thomas says "it makes little sense to incorporate the Establishment Clause" vis-à-vis the states by the Fourteenth Amendment. [154] Second Amendment Thomas agreed with the judgment in McDonald v. Chicago (2010) that the right to keep and bear arms is applicable to state and local governments, but Thomas wrote a separate concurrence finding that an individual's right to bear arms is fundamental as a privilege of American citizenship under the Privileges or Immunities Clause rather than as a fundamental right under the due process clause. The four justices in the plurality opinion specifically rejected incorporation under the privileges or immunities clause, "declin[ing] to disturb" the holding in the Slaughter-House Cases, which, according to the plurality, had held that the clause applied only to federal matters. [155] [156] Since 2010, Thomas has dissented from denial of certiorari in several Second Amendment cases. He would have voted to grant certiorari in Friedman v. City of Highland Park (2015), which upheld bans on certain semi-automatic rifles, Jackson v. San Francisco (2014), which upheld trigger lock ordnances similar to those struck down in Heller, Peruta v. San Diego County (2016), which upheld restrictive concealed carry licensing in California, and Silvester v. Becerra (2017), which upheld waiting periods for firearm purchasers who have already passed background checks and already own firearms. He was joined by Justice Scalia in the former two, and by Justice Gorsuch in Peruta. [157] [158] [159] [160] Thomas dissented from the denial of an application for a stay presented to Chief Justice John Roberts in the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit case Guedes v. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (2019), a case challenging the Donald Trump administration's ban on bump stocks. Only Thomas and Neil Gorsuch publicly dissented. [161] Fourth Amendment In cases regarding the Fourth Amendment, which prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures, Thomas often favors police over defendants. For example, his opinion for the court in Board of Education v. Earls upheld drug testing for students involved in extracurricular activities, and he wrote again for the court in Samson v. California, permitting random searches on parolees. He dissented in the case Georgia v. Randolph, which prohibited warrantless searches that one resident approves and the other opposes, arguing that the case was controlled by the court's decision in Coolidge v. New Hampshire. In Indianapolis v. Edmond, Thomas described the court's extant case law as having held that "suspicionless roadblock seizures are constitutionally permissible if conducted according to a plan that limits the discretion of the officers conducting the stops. " Although he expressed doubt that those cases were decided correctly, he concluded that since the litigants in the case at bar had not briefed or argued that the earlier cases be overruled, he believed that the court should assume their validity and rule accordingly. [162] However, he was in the majority in Kyllo v. United States, which held that the use of thermal imaging technology to probe a suspect's home, without a warrant, violated the Fourth Amendment. In cases involving schools, Thomas has advocated greater respect for the doctrine of in loco parentis, which he defines as "parents delegat[ing] to teachers their authority to discipline and maintain order. " [163] His dissent in Safford Unified School District v. Redding illustrates his application of this postulate in the Fourth Amendment context. School officials in the Safford case had a reasonable suspicion that 13-year-old Savana Redding was illegally distributing prescription-only drugs. All the justices concurred that it was therefore reasonable for the school officials to search Redding, and the main issue before the court was only whether the search went too far by becoming a strip search or the like. [163] All of the justices, except Thomas, concluded that this search violated the Fourth Amendment. The majority required a finding of danger or reason to believe drugs were hidden in a student's underwear in order to justify a strip search. In contrast, Thomas said, "It is a mistake for judges to assume the responsibility for deciding which school rules are important enough to allow for invasive searches and which rules are not" [164] and that "reasonable suspicion that Redding was in possession of drugs in violation of these policies, therefore, justified a search extending to any area where small pills could be concealed. " Thomas said, "[t]here can be no doubt that a parent would have had the authority to conduct the search. " [163] Sixth Amendment In Doggett v. United States, the defendant had technically been a fugitive from the time he was indicted in 1980 until his arrest in 1988. The court held that the delay between indictment and arrest violated Doggett's Sixth Amendment right to a speedy trial, finding that the government had been negligent in pursuing him and that he was unaware of the indictment. [165] Thomas dissented, arguing that the purpose of the Speedy Trial Clause was to prevent "'undue and oppressive incarceration' and the 'anxiety and concern accompanying public accusation'" and that the case implicated neither. [165] He cast the case instead as, "present[ing] the question [of] whether, independent of these core concerns, the Speedy Trial Clause protects an accused from two additional harms: (1) prejudice to his ability to defend himself caused by the passage of time; and (2) disruption of his life years after the alleged commission of his crime. " Thomas dissented from the court's decision to, as he saw it, answer the former in the affirmative. [165] Thomas wrote that dismissing the conviction "invites the Nation's judges to indulge in ad hoc and result-driven second guessing of the government's investigatory efforts. Our Constitution neither contemplates nor tolerates such a role. " [166] In Garza v. Idaho, Thomas and colleague Neil Gorsuch, in a dissent, suggested Gideon v. Wainwright (1963), which established that indigent criminal defendants be provided counseling, was wrongly decided and should be overruled. [167] Eighth Amendment Regarding capital punishment, Thomas was among the dissenters in Atkins v. Virginia and Roper v. Simmons, which held that the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits the application of the death penalty to certain classes of persons. In Kansas v. Marsh, his opinion for the court indicated a belief that the constitution affords states broad procedural latitude in imposing the death penalty, provided they remain within the limits of Furman v. Georgia and Gregg v. Georgia, the 1976 case in which the court had reversed its 1972 ban on death sentences if states followed procedural guidelines. [ citation needed] In Hudson v. McMillian, a prisoner had been beaten, garnering a cracked lip, broken dental plate, loosened teeth, cuts, and bruises. Although these were not "serious injuries", the court believed, it held that "the use of excessive physical force against a prisoner may constitute cruel and unusual punishment even though the inmate does not suffer serious injury. " [168] Dissenting, Thomas wrote that, in his view, "a use of force that causes only insignificant harm to a prisoner may be immoral, it may be tortious, it may be criminal, and it may even be remediable under other provisions of the Federal Constitution, but it is not 'cruel and unusual punishment'. In concluding to the contrary, the Court today goes far beyond our precedents. " [168] Thomas's vote—in one of his first cases after joining the court—was an early example of his willingness to be the sole dissenter (Scalia later joined the opinion). [169] Thomas's opinion was criticized by the seven-member majority of the court, which wrote that, by comparing physical assault to other prison conditions such as poor prison food, Thomas's opinion ignored "the concepts of dignity, civilized standards, humanity, and decency that animate the Eighth Amendment". [168] According to historian David Garrow, Thomas's dissent in Hudson was a "classic call for federal judicial restraint, reminiscent of views that were held by Felix Frankfurter and John M. Harlan II a generation earlier, but editorial criticism rained down on him". [170] Thomas would later respond to the accusation "that I supported the beating of prisoners in that case. Well, one must either be illiterate or fraught with malice to reach that conclusion... no honest reading can reach such a conclusion. " [170] In United States v. Bajakajian, Thomas joined with the court's more liberal bloc to write the majority opinion declaring a fine unconstitutional under the Eighth Amendment. The fine was for failing to declare more than $300, 000 in a suitcase on an international flight. Under a federal statute, 18 U. § 982 (a)(1), the passenger would have had to forfeit the entire amount. Thomas noted that the case required a distinction to be made between civil forfeiture and a fine exacted with the intention of punishing the respondent. He found that the forfeiture in this case was clearly intended as a punishment at least in part, was "grossly disproportional", and was a violation of the Excessive Fines Clause. [171] Thomas has written that in his view, the "Cruel and Unusual Punishment" clause of the Eighth Amendment "contains no proportionality principle", meaning that the question whether a sentence should be rejected as "cruel and unusual punishment" depends only on the sentence itself, and does not depend on what crime is being punished. [172] He was concurring with the Court's decision to reject a request for review from a petitioner who had been sentenced to 25 years to life in prison, under California's "Three-Strikes" law, for stealing some golf clubs, because the combined value of the clubs made the theft a felony, and he had two previous felonies in his criminal record. Equal protection and affirmative action Thomas believes that the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment forbids consideration of race, such as race-based affirmative action or preferential treatment. In Adarand Constructors v. Peña, for example, he wrote "there is a 'moral [and] constitutional equivalence' between laws designed to subjugate a race and those that distribute benefits on the basis of race in order to foster some current notion of equality. Government cannot make us equal; it can only recognize, respect, and protect us as equal before the law. That [affirmative action] programs may have been motivated, in part, by good intentions cannot provide refuge from the principle that under our Constitution, the government may not make distinctions on the basis of race. " [173] In Gratz v. Bollinger, Thomas said that, in his view, "a State's use of racial discrimination in higher education admissions is categorically prohibited by the Equal Protection Clause. " [174] In Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1, Thomas joined the opinion of Chief Justice Roberts, who concluded that "[t]he way to stop discrimination on the basis of race is to stop discriminating on the basis of race. " [175] Concurring, Thomas wrote that "if our history has taught us anything, it has taught us to beware of elites bearing racial theories, " and charged that the dissent carried "similarities" to the arguments of the segregationist litigants in Brown v. Board of Education. [175] In Grutter v. Bollinger, he approvingly quoted Justice Harlan's Plessy v. Ferguson dissent: "Our Constitution is color-blind, and neither knows nor tolerates classes among citizens. " [176] In a concurrence in Missouri v. Jenkins (1995), he wrote that the Missouri District Court "has read our cases to support the theory that black students suffer an unspecified psychological harm from segregation that retards their mental and educational development. This approach not only relies upon questionable social science research rather than constitutional principle, but it also rests on an assumption of black inferiority. " [177] Abortion and family planning Thomas has contended that the Constitution does not address the issue of abortion. [178] In Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992), the court reaffirmed Roe v. Thomas along with Justice Byron White joined the dissenting opinions of Chief Justice William Rehnquist and Justice Antonin Scalia. Rehnquist wrote that "[w]e believe Roe was wrongly decided, and that it can and should be overruled consistently with our traditional approach to stare decisis in constitutional cases. " [179] Scalia's opinion concluded that the right to obtain an abortion is not "a liberty protected by the Constitution of the United States. " [179] "[T]he Constitution says absolutely nothing about it, " Scalia wrote, "and [] the longstanding traditions of American society have permitted it to be legally proscribed. " [179] In Stenberg v. Carhart (2000), the court struck down a state ban on partial-birth abortion, concluding that it failed the " undue burden " test established in Casey. Thomas dissented, writing: "Although a State may permit abortion, nothing in the Constitution dictates that a State must do so. " [180] He went on to criticize the reasoning of the Casey and Stenberg majorities: "The majority's insistence on a health exception is a fig leaf barely covering its hostility to any abortion regulation by the States—a hostility that Casey purported to reject. " In Gonzales v. Carhart (2007), the court rejected a facial challenge to a federal ban on partial-birth abortion. [181] Concurring, Thomas asserted that the court's abortion jurisprudence had no basis in the constitution, but that the court had accurately applied that jurisprudence in rejecting the challenge. [181] Thomas added that the court was not deciding the question of whether Congress had the power to outlaw partial-birth abortions: "[W]hether the Act constitutes a permissible exercise of Congress' power under the Commerce Clause is not before the Court [in this case]... the parties did not raise or brief that issue; it is outside the question presented; and the lower courts did not address it. " [181] In December 2018, Thomas wrote a dissent when the Supreme Court voted against hearing cases brought by the states of Louisiana and Kansas to deny Medicaid funding to Planned Parenthood. [182] Justices Alito and Gorsuch joined Thomas’ dissent, arguing that the Supreme Court was “abdicating its judicial duty. ” [183] In February 2019, Thomas joined with three of the court's other conservative justices voting to reject a stay to temporarily block a law restricting abortion in Louisiana. [184] The law that the court temporarily stayed, in a 5–4 decision, would require that doctors performing abortions have admitting privileges in a hospital. [185] In Box v. Planned Parenthood of Indiana and Kentucky, Inc. (2019), a per curiam decision upholding the provision of Indiana's abortion restriction regarding fetal remains disposal on rational basis scrutiny, but also upholding the lower court rulings striking down the ban on race, sex, and disability provision; Thomas wrote a concurring opinion comparing abortion and birth control to eugenics, which was practiced in the United States in the early 20th century, and by the Nazi government in Germany in the 1930s and 1940s; as well as comparing the Box decision to Buck v. Bell (1927), which upheld a forced sterilization law regarding people with mental disabilities. (In his opinion, Thomas quoted Margaret Sanger's support for contraception as a form of personal reproductive control which she considered superior to "the horrors of abortion and infanticide" (Sanger's wording, quoted by Thomas in his opinion)). [186] Thomas' opinion referred several times to the book Imbeciles: The Supreme Court, American Eugenics, and the Sterilization of Carrie Buck by historian/journalist Adam Cohen; shortly afterward, Cohen published a sharply-worded criticism saying that Thomas had misinterpreted his book and misunderstood the history of the eugenics movement. [187] In Box, only Thomas, Sonia Sotomayor, and Ruth Bader Ginsburg publicly registered their votes. Ginsburg and Sotomayor concurred in part and dissented in part, stating they would have upheld the lower court decision on striking down the race, sex, and disability ban; as well as the lower court decision striking down the fetal remains disposal provision. [186] Gay rights In Romer v. Evans (1996), Thomas joined Scalia's dissenting opinion arguing that Amendment Two to the Colorado State Constitution did not violate the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the U. Constitution. The Colorado amendment forbade any judicial, legislative, or executive action designed to protect persons from discrimination based on "homosexual, lesbian, or bisexual orientation, conduct, practices or relationships. " [188] In Lawrence v. Texas (2003), Thomas issued a one-page dissent in which he called the Texas statute prohibiting sodomy "uncommonly silly", a phrase originally used by Justice Stewart. He then said that if he were a member of the Texas legislature he would vote to repeal the law, as it was not a worthwhile use of "law enforcement resources" to police private sexual behavior. However, Thomas opined that the Constitution did not contain a right to privacy; therefore, he did not vote to strike the statute down. Accordingly, Thomas saw the issue as a matter for the states to decide for themselves. [189] Approach to oral arguments Thomas is well known for his reticence during oral argument. Beginning when he asked a question during a death penalty case on February 22, 2006, Thomas did not ask another question from the bench for more than ten years, finally asking a question on February 29, 2016, about a response to a question regarding whether persons convicted of misdemeanor domestic violence should be barred permanently from firearm possession. [190] He also had a nearly seven-year streak of not speaking at all in any context, finally breaking that silence on January 14, 2013, when he, a Yale Law graduate, was understood to have joked that a law degree from Harvard may be proof of incompetence. [191] [192] Thomas has given many reasons for his silence, including self-consciousness about how he speaks, a preference for listening to those arguing the case, and difficulty getting in a word. [191] Thomas' speaking and listening habits also may have been influenced by his Gullah upbringing, during which time his English was relatively unpolished. [7] [13] [193] In 2000, he told a group of high school students that "if you wait long enough, someone will ask your question. " [194] [195] Although he rarely speaks from the bench, Thomas has acknowledged that sometimes, during oral arguments, he will pass notes to his friend and colleague Justice Stephen Breyer, who then asks questions on behalf of Thomas. [196] In November 2007, Thomas told an audience at Hillsdale College: "My colleagues should shut up! " He later explained, "I don't think that for judging, and for what we are doing, all those questions are necessary. " [197] According to Amber Porter of ABC News, one of the most notable examples of a rare instance in which Thomas asked a question was in 2002 during oral arguments for Virginia v. Black, when he expressed concern to Michael Dreeben, who had been speaking on behalf of the U. Department of Justice, that he was "actually understating the symbolism... and the effect of... the burning cross" and its use as a symbol of the "reign of terror" of "100 years of lynching and activity in the South by the Knights of Camellia... and the Ku Klux Klan". [198] Thomas is not the first quiet justice. In the 1970s and 1980s, William J. Brennan, Thurgood Marshall, and Harry Blackmun generally were quiet; [199] [200] however, the silence of Thomas stood out in the 1990s as the other eight justices engaged in active questioning. [200] The New York Times ' Supreme Court correspondent Adam Liptak has called it a "pity" that Thomas does not ask questions, saying that he has a "distinctive legal philosophy and a background entirely different from that of any other justice" and that those he asked in the 2001 and 2002 terms were "mostly good questions, brisk and pointed. " [191] Conversely, Jeffrey Toobin, writing in The New Yorker, calls the silence of Thomas "disgraceful" behavior that has "gone from curious to bizarre to downright embarrassing, for himself and for the institution he represents". [201] Personal life In 1971, Thomas married his college sweetheart, Kathy Grace Ambush. They had one child, Jamal Adeen. They separated in 1981 and divorced in 1984. [24] [202] In 1987, Thomas married Virginia Lamp, a lobbyist and aide to Republican Congressman Dick Armey. [203] In 1997, they took in Thomas's then six-year-old great nephew, Mark Martin Jr., [204] who had lived with his mother in Savannah public housing. [205] Thomas's second wife remained active in conservative politics, serving as a consultant to the Heritage Foundation, and as founder and president of Liberty Central. [206] In 2011, she stepped down from Liberty Central to open a conservative lobbying firm, touting her "experience and connections", meeting with newly elected Republican congressmen and describing herself as an "ambassador to the tea party". [207] [208] Also in 2011, 74 Democratic members of the House of Representatives wrote that Thomas should recuse himself on cases regarding the Affordable Care Act, due to "appearance of a conflict of interest" based on the work of his wife. [209] Thomas was reconciled to the Catholic Church in the mid-1990s. [210] In his 2007 autobiography, he criticized the church for its failure to grapple with racism in the 1960s during the civil rights movement, saying it was not so "adamant about ending racism then as it is about ending abortion now". [86] Thomas is (as of 2019) one of 14 practicing Catholic justices in the Court's history, of 114 justices total, and one of five currently serving (along with Samuel Alito, Brett Kavanaugh, John Roberts, and Sonia Sotomayor). [211] In January 2011, the liberal advocacy group Common Cause reported that between 2003 and 2007 Thomas failed to disclose $686, 589 in income earned by his wife from the Heritage Foundation, instead reporting "none" where "spousal noninvestment income" would be reported on his Supreme Court financial disclosure forms. [212] The following week, Thomas stated that the disclosure of his wife's income had been "inadvertently omitted due to a misunderstanding of the filing instructions". [213] Thomas amended reports going back to 1989. [214] In 2016, Moira Smith, a lawyer, claimed that Thomas groped her at a dinner party in 1999, when she was a Truman Foundation scholar. Thomas called the allegation "preposterous". [215] [216] Writings Thomas, Clarence (2007). My Grandfather's Son: A Memoir. Harper. ISBN 978-0-06-056555-8. Thomas, Clarence. "Why Federalism Matters, " Drake Law Review, Volume 48, Issue 2, page 231 (2000). Thomas, Clarence. " Punishment and Personhood, " City Journal, Autumn 1994. List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States List of U. Supreme Court Justices by time in office United States Supreme Court cases during the Rehnquist Court United States Supreme Court cases during the Roberts Court References ^ Stolberg, Sheryl Gay (June 27, 2012). "An Older, More Conservative Court". The New York Times. Retrieved December 11, 2012. ^ Totenberg, Nina (October 11, 2011). "Clarence Thomas' Influence On The Supreme Court". NPR. Retrieved December 11, 2012. ^ Toobin, Jeffrey (August 29, 2011). "Partners". The New Yorker. Retrieved December 11, 2012. ^ Wagner, Laura (February 29, 2016). "Clarence Thomas Asks 1st Question From Supreme Court Bench In 10 Years". National Public Radio. ^ a b c d Oyez, "The Oyez Project Supreme Court media, Clarence Thomas biography". Archived from the original on May 13, 2003. Retrieved June 27, 2017. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown ( link) (2003). ^ a b Brady, Diane (March 11, 2007). "The Holy Cross Fraternity". Bloomberg BusinessWeek. Retrieved February 29, 2016. ^ a b "In His Own Words: Justice Clarence Thomas", The New York Times, December 14, 2000. Retrieved March 25, 2010 ^ Foskett 2004, pp. 22–3. ^ a b c Merida, Kevin; Fletcher, Michael A. (August 4, 2002). "Supreme Discomfort". Washington Post Magazine. pp. W08. Archived from the original on September 1, 2002. Retrieved July 14, 2019. ^ a b c d e Dolin, Monica (October 3, 2007). "Anger Still Fresh in Clarence Thomas's Memoir". ABC News. Retrieved October 19, 2008. ^ a b c d Brady, Diane (March 12, 2007). "Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas Speaks". Archived from the original on March 12, 2007. Retrieved July 27, 2018. ^ Margolick, David (July 3, 1991). "Judge Portrayed as a Product Of Ideals Clashing With Life". Retrieved October 19, 2008. ^ a b c Kantor, Jody; Gonzalez, David (June 6, 2009). "For Sotomayor and Thomas, Paths Diverge at Race". Retrieved April 5, 2010. ^ a b "Clarence Thomas". FindLaw. Retrieved April 5, 2010. ^ Simon, Martin (September 15, 1991). "Supreme Mystery". Newsweek. Retrieved November 1, 2011. ^ a b Kroft, Steve, (Sept. 30, 2007) Clarence Thomas: The Justice Nobody Knows – Supreme Court Justice Gives First Television Interview To 60 Minutes. ^ "Talk Radio Online::Radio Show".. Retrieved December 6, 2009. ^ Fleming, Macklin; Pollak, Louis (Spring 1970). Bell, Daniel; Kristol, Irving (eds. ). "The black quota at Yale Law School". The Public Interest (19): 44–52. ^ Lithwick, Dahlia. "From Clarence Thomas to Palin" (Opinion Column), Newsweek (September 27, 2008). ^ Thomas 2007, pp. 143–4. ^ Tumulty, Karen (July 7, 1991). "Court Path Started in the Ashes: A fire launched Clarence Thomas on a path toward fierce personal drive – but not before the Supreme Court nominee journeyed through anger, self-hatred, confusion and doubt". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved March 29, 2011. ^ Foskett 2004, pp. 142–3. ^ Bidinotto, Robert James, Celebrity "Rand Fans" – Clarence Thomas,, Archived December 11, 2008, at the Wayback Machine The Atlas Society. ^ a b Greenburg, Jan Crawford (September 30, 2007). "Clarence Thomas: A Silent Justice Speaks Out: Part VII: 'Traitorous' Adversaries: Anita Hill and the Senate Democrats". Retrieved October 18, 2008. ^ Kauffman, Bill (November 1987), "Clarence Thomas", Reason, p. 3. Retrieved April 29, 2010. ^ Foskett 2004, p. 139. ^ Foskett 2004, p. 138. ^ Foskett 2004, pp. 139–40. ^ Foskett 2004, p. 147. ^ Foskett 2004, pp. 147, 149. ^ Foskett 2004, p. 149. ^ Thomas, Evan (July 15, 1991). "Where Does He Stand? ". Retrieved April 20, 2009. ^ Williams, Juan (October 25, 1984). "EEOC Chairman Blasts Black Leaders". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 27, 2018. ^ "Clarence Thomas". March 28, 2012. Retrieved May 16, 2012. ^ a b c d e Greenburg, Jan Crawford (September 30, 2007). "Clarence Thomas: A Silent Justice Speaks Out". Retrieved October 18, 2008. ^ The Library of Congress Presidential Nominations, Look up of Nomination: PN838-101. February 6, 1990 – Committee on Judiciary, hearings held. February 22, 1990 – Committee on Judiciary, ordered to be reported favorably, placed on Senate Executive Calendar. March 6, 1990 – floor action, confirmed by the Senate by voice vote. ^ Profile at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a Public domain publication of the Federal Judicial Center. Retrieved November 1, 2011. ^ Dowd, Maureen. "The Supreme Court; Conservative Black Judge, Clarence Thomas, Is Named to Marshall's Court Seat", The New York Times (July 2, 1991). ^ a b Hall, Kermit and McGuire, Kevin. The Judicial Branch, p. 155 (Oxford University Press 2006). ^ Adam Liptak, Legal Group's Neutrality Is Challenged, N. Y. Times, March 30, 2009 ^ a b Viera, Norman; Gross, Leonard (1998). Supreme Court appointments: Judge Bork and the politicization of Senate Confirmations. Southern Illinois University Press. p. 137. ISBN 978-0-8093-2204-6. ^ Foskett, Ken. Judging Thomas, p. 224 (William Morrow 2004). ^ Abraham, Henry. Justices, Presidents, and Senators: A History of the U. Supreme Court Appointments From Washington to Bush II, pp. 27–30, 299 (Rowman and Littlefield 2007). ^ Yalof, David. Pursuit of Justices: Presidential Politics and the Selection of Supreme Court Nominees, page 214 (University of Chicago Press, 2001). ^ Segal, Jeffrey and Spaeth, Harold. The Supreme Court and the attitudinal model revisited, page 187 (Cambridge University Press, 2002). ^ Hall, Kermit and McGuire, Kevin. Institutions of American Democracy: The Judicial Branch, page 155 (Oxford University Press, 2006). ^ Toobin 2007, pp. 172, 398. ^ Tushnet, Mark. A Court Divided, p. 335 (Norton & Company 2005). ^ Mayer, Jane; Abramson, Jill (1994). Strange Justice: The Selling of Clarence Thomas. Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 978-0-395-63318-2. [ page needed] ^ Merida, Kevin; Michael Fletcher (2008). Supreme Discomfort: The Divided Soul of Clarence Thomas. Random House. ISBN 978-0-7679-1636-3. ^ Smith, Robert and Seltzer, Richard. Contemporary Controversies and the American Racial Divide, p. 68 (Rowman & Littlefield, 2000). ^ Toobin 2007, p. 30. ^ Toobin 2007, pp. 25, 31. ^ Toobin 2007, p. 31. ^ Woodward, Kenneth (September 23, 1991). "Natural Law, An Elusive Tradition". Retrieved April 20, 2009. ^ Epstein, Aaron (August 30, 1991). "The Natural Law According To Clarence Thomas". The Seattle Times. Retrieved April 20, 2009. ^ Thomas Second Hearing Day 1, Part 1 (Television production). Washington, D. : C-SPAN. October 11, 1991. Retrieved June 14, 2019. ^ "The Thomas Nomination; Excerpts From Senate's Hearings on the Thomas Nomination", The New York Times (1991-10-12): "Q: Professor Hill, there's a big difference between your articulating your version of events, contrasted with your statement that Judge Thomas sexually harassed you. And in the transcript of your October 7 interview, you responded to a question saying that it was sexual harassment. "A: In my opinion, based on my reading of the law, yes, it was. But later on, immediately following that response, I noted to the press that I did not raise a claim of sexual harassment in this complaint. It seems to me that the behavior has to be evaluated on its own with regard to the fitness of this individual to act as an Associate Justice. It seems to me that even if it does not rise to the level of sexual harassment, it is behavior that is unbefitting an individual who will be a member of the Court. " ^ Braver, Rita. "Inappropriate Conduct", CBS News (1999): "Hill herself did not accuse Thomas of outright harassment, but did say that he had made unwelcome advances toward her and used language that embarrassed her. " ^ Pollitt, Katha. Subject to Debate: Sense and Dissents on Women, Politics, and Culture, page 161 (2001): "The question Hill's testimony placed before us was not whether Thomas was guilty of a legally actionable offense (she herself was unsure if his behavior added up to sexual harassment) but whether he belonged on the Supreme Court. " ^ Travis, Carol. "Casting Simple Louts as Lawbreakers", St. Petersburg Times (June 11, 1997): "Although Thomas was never accused of illegal behavior—merely of behavior thought unseemly in a Supreme Court nominee—in the public mind the case conflated obnoxious actions with illegal harassment. " ^ In particular, the questioning by Senator Specter was intense. See Morrison, Toni. "Race-ing Justice, En-gendering Power", p. 55 ( Pantheon Books 1992). After the questioning, Specter said that, "the testimony of Professor Hill in the morning was flat out perjury", and that "she specifically changed it in the afternoon when confronted with the possibility of being contradicted. " See transcript Archived February 25, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, p. 230. ^ Hudson, David. The Rehnquist Court: Understanding Its Impact and Legacy, p. 50 (2007). ^ Hearing of the Senate Judiciary Committee on the Nomination of Clarence Thomas to the Supreme Court Archived September 13, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, Electronic Text Center, University of Virginia Library, October 11, 1991. ^ Fiske, John (1998). Media matters: race and gender in U. politics (Third printing, revised ed. Minneapolis, Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press. p. 113. ISBN 0-8166-2463-1. ^ "My Grandfather's Son: A Memoir".. Retrieved June 16, 2019. ^ THE THOMAS NOMINATION; Excerpts From an Interview With Another Thomas Accuser, The New York Times (October 15, 1991). ^ "The Thomas Nomination; On the Hearing Schedule: Eight Further Witnesses", The New York Times (October 13, 1991) ^ See hearing record from October 13, 1991. Senator Biden wrote to Wright: "I wish to make clear, however, that if you want to testify at the hearing in person, I will honor that request. " Wright responded to Biden: "I agree the admission of the transcript of my interview and that of Miss Jourdain's in the record without rebuttal at the hearing represents my position and is completely satisfactory to me. " ^ Vieira, Norman and Gross, Leonard (1998). Supreme Court appointments: Judge Bork and the politicization of Senate Confirmations, p. 219. ^ "United States Senate, Transcript of Proceedings" (PDF). U. Government Printing Office. October 10, 1991. pp. 442–511. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 22, 2008. Retrieved September 18, 2008. ^ "The Thomas Nomination; Excerpts From Judiciary Committee's Interview of Angela Wright". October 4, 1991. Retrieved November 1, 2011. ^ Marcus, Ruth (October 30, 2007). "One Angry Man, Clarence Thomas Is No Victim" The Washington Post (opinion column) ^ "FAIR's Reply to Limbaugh's Non-Response". Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting. October 17, 1994. Archived from the original on May 4, 2018. ^ a b c d e McMillion, Barry J. (September 7, 2018). "Supreme Court Appointment Process: Senate Debate and Confirmation Vote" (PDF). CRS Report (R44234). : Congressional Research Service. Retrieved June 14, 2019. ^ "Nomination of Judge Clarence Thomas to be Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, " Senate Hearing 102–1084, pt. 4, p. 590. ^ "The Thomas Nomination; Questions to Those Who Corroborated Hill Account", The New York Times (October 21, 1991). ^ "Judiciary Committee Votes On Recent Supreme Court Nominees". : Senate Committee on the Judiciary. Compiled by the Senate Library. Retrieved June 5, 2019. ^ "The Thomas Confirmation; How the Senators Voted on Thomas". Associated Press. October 16, 1991. Retrieved June 5, 2019 – via New York Times Print Archive. ^ Hall, Kermit, ed. (1992). The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States. Oxford Press. p. 871. ISBN 978-0-19-505835-2. ^ Spivack, Miranda S. (October 16, 1991). "Senate Confirms Him by 52-48". Hartford Courant. Retrieved June 5, 2019. ^ Hall, Kermit (ed), The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States, p. 871, Oxford Press, 1992 ^ "The Thomas Swearing-In; A Festive Mood at Thomas Swearing-In". October 19, 1991 – via New York Times Print Archive. ^ Greenhouse, Linda (October 24, 1991). "Thomas Sworn in as 106th Justice". The New York Times – via New York Times Print Archive. ^ a b Vanzo, John (October 12, 2007). "Clarence Thomas". Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved July 20, 2009. ^ a b Barnes, Robert; Fletcher, Michael A. ; Mérida, Kevin (September 29, 2007). "Justice Thomas Lashes Out in Memoir". Retrieved October 20, 2008. ^ Garner, Dwight. "TBR; TBR: Inside the List", The New York Times (October 21, 2007). ^ a b c Gerber, Scott Douglas. First principles: the jurisprudence of Clarence Thomas, pp. 30–3 (1999). ^ Liptak, Adam (September 6, 2010). "A Well-Traveled Path From Ivy League to Supreme Court". Retrieved April 7, 2015. ^ Notre Dame Law School news |url= ^ Toobin, Jeffrey (August 29, 2011). Retrieved April 7, 2015. ^ "Major Political Figures", Rasmussen Reports. Retrieved May 16, 2010. ^ "National Opinion Survey of 1, 000 Likely Voters" Archived March 29, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, Rasmussen Reports. Retrieved July 26, 2010. ^ Supreme Court Watch, Profile: Justice Clarence Thomas Public Broadcasting Service. ^ Cohen, Adam, Editorial Observer (June 3, 2007) The New York Times. ^ Toobin 2007, p. 99. ^ Lazarus, Edward. "Book Review – It seems Justice Thomas is still seeking confirmation – My Grandfather's Son A Memoir Clarence Thomas", Los Angeles Times (October 1, 2007). ^ Marshall, Thomas. Public Opinion and the Rehnquist Court, page 79 ( SUNY Press, 2008). ^ Von Drehle, David. "Executive Branch Reined In", The Washington Post (June 29, 2004). ^ West, Paul. A president under siege throws down the gauntlet", Hartford Courant (November 1, 2005). ^ "Jeffrey Toobin Profiles 'The Nine' Inside the Robes", NPR (September 19, 2007). ^ Mencimer, Stephanie. "Does Scalia Think Clarence Thomas is a Nutter? " Mother Jones (September 28, 2007). ( Archived March 12, 2012, at the Wayback Machine). ^ a b Marzulla, Nancie. "The Textualism of Clarence Thomas: Anchoring the Supreme Court's Property Rights Jurisprudence to the Constitution" Archived March 29, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Journal of Gender, Social Policy & The Law (2002). ^ a b c "Nine Justices, Ten Years: A Statistical Retrospective", Harvard Law Review, volume 118, page 513 (2004). ^ Baude, Will. Brothers in Law, The New Republic Online, (June 30, 2004): "Justices Souter and Ginsburg were in complete agreement in 85 percent of the Court's decisions. Chief Justice Rehnquist agreed with Justice O'Connor in 79 percent and Justice Kennedy in 77 percent. Justices Stevens and Souter agreed 77 percent of the time; so did Justices Ginsburg and Breyer. Thomas and Scalia agreed in only 73 percent of the cases. Thomas regularly breaks with Scalia, disagreeing on points of doctrine, finding a more measured and judicial tone, and calling for the elimination of bad law. Unless he is simply a very bad yes-man, Clarence Thomas is a more independent voice than most people give him credit for. " ^ Greenhouse, Linda. "In Steps Big and Small, Supreme Court, Moved Right", The New York Times, July 1, 2007. ^ Greenburg 2007, pp. 115–26. ^ "" (PDF). Retrieved June 20, 2010. ^ Greenburg 2007, p. 166. ^ Greenburg 2007, pp. 114–37. ^ Mark Tushnet, A Court Divided 85–6 (2006); Jeffrey Toobin, The Nine 119 (2008). ^ "The Statistics" Archived February 25, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, Harvard Law Review, volume 121, page 439 (2007). ^ "The Statistics" Archived February 25, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, Harvard Law Review, volume 120, page 372 (2006). ^ "The Statistics" Archived February 25, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, Harvard Law Review, volume 119, page 415 (2005). ^ "A Big Question About Clarence Thomas", The Washington Post, October 14, 2004. Retrieved May 7, 2007. ^ Caplan, Lincoln (October 22, 2011). "Clarence Thomas's Brand of Judicial Logic". Retrieved July 1, 2012. ^ Gerhardt, Michael. The Power of Precedent, pages 249 (ranked eleventh for overturning precedent) and 12 (most frequently urged overturning) (Oxford University Press 2008). ^ Ringel, Jonathan. "The Bombshell in the Clarence Thomas Biography", Daily Report via (August 5, 2004). ^ Gerhardt, Michael. "The Power of Precedent", page 188 (Oxford University Press 2008): "I am not sure Justice Scalia is even right about Justice Thomas, who does not, at least statistically, urge more than three overrulings per term, thus indicating his willingness to leave a fairly broad spectrum of constitutional decisions intact. " ^ a b Toobin 2007, p. 120. ^ Barrett, Amy. "Statutory Stare Decisis in the Courts of Appeals", George Washington Law Review (2005). ^ Liptak, Adam (May 13, 2019). "Justices Split Over the Power of Precedent". The New York Times. ^ "Franchise Tax Board of California v. Hyatt" (PDF).. 2018. Retrieved June 29, 2019. ^ "FLOWERS v. MISSISSIPPI" (PDF).. Retrieved June 29, 2019. ^ E. g., Seminole Tribe v. Florida 517 U. 44 (1996). Full text of opinion courtesy of ^ United Haulers Assn. Oneida-Herkimer Solid Waste Mgmt. Auth. 550 U. 330 (2007). Full text opinion courtesy of Cornell University ^ United States v. Lopez 514 U. 549 (1995). Full text of opinion courtesy of ^ a b Toobin 2007, p. 100. ^ Dorf, Michael. "What California's Trans Fat Ban Teaches Us About Federalism", Findlaw's Writ (July 29, 2008): "Proponents of broad national power like myself do not say that the Court should update the Constitution to keep it in tune with the times. Rather, we argue—or at least some of us argue—that the growth of a national, indeed, global, economy, means that activities that might have been carried out in relatively discrete local markets in 1789 are now undoubtedly part of interstate and international commerce. " ^ Hamdi v. Rumsfeld, 542 U. 507 (2004). Full text of opinion courtesy of ^ Hamdan v. Rumsfeld, 548 U. 557 (2006). Archived August 9, 2011, at the Wayback Machine ^ "Immigration / Temporary Restraining Order /Preliminary Injunction" (PDF).. December 7, 2018. Retrieved June 29, 2019. ^ "TRUMP, PRESIDENT OF U. S., ET AL. V. E. BAY SANCTUARY COV., ET AL" (PDF).. December 21, 2018. Retrieved June 29, 2019. ^ a b Joondeph, Bradley "Federalism, the Rehnquist Court, and the Modern Republican Party", Oregon Law Review, Volume 87 (2008): "Most scholars agree that federalism was central to the Rehnquist Court's constitutional agenda. " ^ Althouse, Ann. "Why Talking About States' Rights Cannot Avoid the Need for Normative Federalism Analysis: A Response to Professors Baker and Young", Duke Law Journal, Volume 51, page 363 (2001). ^ a b Greenburg 2007, p. 117. ^ a b Foucha v. Louisiana, 504 U. 71 (1992). Full text of opinion courtesy of ^ "08-1224 United States v. Comstock (05/17/2010)" (PDF). Retrieved June 12, 2010. ^ U. Thornton, 514 U. 779 (1995) ^ Ringhand, Lori. " Judicial Activism: An Empirical Examination of Voting Behavior on the Rehnquist Natural Court ", Constitutional Commentary, Vol. 24, No. 1 (Spring 2007), pp. 49 (Table 1) and 59 (Table 6). ^ "Activism Is in the Eye of the Ideologist" (Editorial), The New York Times (September 11, 2006). ^ Opinion of Thomas, J. NORTHWEST AUSTIN MUNICIPAL UTILITY DISTRICT NUMBER ONE v. ERIC H. HOLDER, Jr., ATTORNEY GENERAL (June 22, 2009) Full text courtesy of Cornell University Law School. ^ Shelby County v. Holder, 570 U. ___ (2013). ^ Volokh, Eugene. "How the Justices Voted in Free Speech Cases, 1994–2000" (Updated), 48 UCLA L. Rev. 1191 (2001). ^ Sherman, Mark (April 2, 2014). "Supreme Court strikes down campaign contribution limits". Newshour. PBS. Retrieved April 29, 2015. Barnes, Robert (April 2, 2014). "Supreme Court strikes down limits on federal campaign donations". Retrieved April 29, 2015. ^ Barnes, Robert; Eggen, Dan (January 22, 2010). "Supreme Court rejects limits on corporate spending on political campaigns". Savage, David G. (January 22, 2010). "Supreme Court OKs unlimited corporate spending on elections". Retrieved April 29, 2015. ^ Morse v. Frederick, 551 U. 393 (2007). Full text of opinion courtesy of ^ Liptak, Adam (June 18, 2015). "Supreme Court Says Texas Can Reject Confederate Flag License Plates". Retrieved July 17, 2016. ^ Ashcroft v. American Civil Liberties Union, 535 U. 564 (2002). Findlaw. ^ 514 U. 334 Full text of the opinion courtesy of ^ Thomas (June 14, 2004), Elk Grove Unified School Dist. Newdow (Thomas, J., concurring in judgment), 542, p. 1, retrieved September 23, 2018 ^ Thomas (May 31, 2005), Cutter v. Wilkinson (Thomas, J., concurring), 544, p. 709, retrieved September 23, 2018 ^ Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow, 542 U. 1 (2004). Thomas wrote: "It may well be the case that anything that would violate the incorporated Establishment Clause would actually violate the Free Exercise Clause, further calling into doubt the utility of incorporating the Establishment Clause. " ^ Ost, Harriet. " U. Supreme Court: Chicago's gun ban struck down ", United Press International (June 28, 2010). ^ "McDonald v. Chicago slip opinion from the U. Supreme Court" (PDF). ^ "Friedman v. City of Highland Park" (PDF). ^ "Jackson v. San Francisco" (PDF). ^ "Peruta v. California" (PDF). ^ "Silvester v. Becerra" (PDF). ^ "GUEDES, DAMIEN, ET AL. BUREAU OF ALCOHOL, ET AL" (PDF).. April 5, 2019. Retrieved June 29, 2019. ^ Indianapolis v. Edmond, 531 U. 32 (2000). Full text of opinion courtesy of ^ a b c Safford Unified School District v. Redding, 557 U. __ (2009). Full text of opinion courtesy of ^ "Court Says Strip Search of Ariz. Teenager Illegal", Associated Press via NPR (June 25, 2009). ^ a b c Doggett v. United States, 505 U. 647 (1992). Full text of opinion courtesy of ^ Greenburg 2007, p. 123. ^ Liptak, Adam (March 4, 2019). "Precedent, Meet Clarence Thomas. You May Not Get Along". The New York Times. ^ a b c Hudson v. McMillian, 503 U. 1 (1992). ^ Greenburg 2007, p. 119. ^ a b Garrow, David (October 25, 2004), "Saving Thomas" Archived July 23, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, The New Republic ^ United States v. Bajakajian, 524 U. 321 (1998). ^ ^ Adarand Constructors, Inc. Peña, 515 U. 200 (1995). ^ Gratz v. Bollinger, 539 U. 244 (2003). ^ a b Parents Involved in Community Schools v. 1, 551 U. 701 Archived July 4, 2008, at the Wayback Machine (2007). ^ Grutter v. 306 (2003). ^ "Missouri v. Jenkins, 515 U. 70 (1995)".. ^ Yoo, John, Opinion (October 9, 2007) The Real Clarence Thomas The Wall Street Journal. ^ a b c Planned Parenthood v. Casey, 505 U. 833 (1992). ^ Stenberg v. Carhart, 530 U. 914 (2000). ^ a b c Gonzales v. Carhart, 550 U. 124 (2007). ^ Higgins, Tucker (December 10, 2018). "Supreme Court hamstrings states' efforts to defund Planned Parenthood".. Retrieved December 11, 2018. ^ "US Supreme Court Justices won't hear states' appeal over Planned Parenthood".. December 10, 2018. Retrieved December 11, 2018. ^ "Supreme Court Chief Justice John Roberts joins liberal justices to block Louisiana abortion clinic law".. Retrieved February 10, 2019. ^ "Supreme Court Stops Louisiana Abortion Law From Being Implemented".. Retrieved February 10, 2019. ^ a b ^ "Romer v. Evans". The Oyez Project. Retrieved April 11, 2010. ^ Lawrence v. Texas, 539 U. 558, 605 (2003). ^ "Justice Thomas asks questions in court, 1st time in 10 years". February 29, 2016. ^ a b c Adam Liptak (February 1, 2016). "It's Been 10 Years. Would Clarence Thomas Like to Add Anything? ". Retrieved February 27, 2016. ^ "Supreme Court's Thomas breaks nearly 7-year court silence". Retrieved October 10, 2016. ^ Patterson, Orlando (June 17, 2007), "Thomas Agonistes", The New York Times, p. 2. Retrieved April 28, 2010 ^ Gregory Kane (December 17, 2000). "Justice Thomas' silence speaks volumes to critics – tribunedigital-baltimoresun". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved January 7, 2016. ^ "Justice Clarence Thomas". December 14, 2000. Retrieved November 8, 2010. ^ Barnes, Robert (February 17, 2013). "The question of Clarence Thomas". The Washington Post. ^ Bedard, Paul (November 29, 2007). "This Is Not Perry Mason". Washington Whispers. News & World Report. ^ Porter, Amber "Six Years of Silence for Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas", ABC News, March 27, 2012. Retrieved April 2, 2012 ^ Garrow, David (October 6, 1996). "The Rehnquist Reins". The New York Times Magazine. ^ a b Toobin 2007, pp. 106–7. ^ Jeffrey Toobin (February 21, 2014). "Clarence Thomas' Disgraceful Silence". Retrieved February 27, 2016. ^ Merida, Kevin; Fletcher, Michael A. (April 22, 2007). "Justice Thomas's Life A Tangle of Poverty, Privilege and Race". Retrieved April 20, 2009. ^ Toobin 2007, pp. 111–2. ^ "Justice Thomas marches to own tune", USA Today, Associated Press, September 3, 2001. ^ Foskett 2004, p. 303. ^ Hennessey, Kathleen (March 14, 2010). "Justice's wife launches 'tea party' group". Retrieved March 15, 2010. ^ Vogel, Kenneth; Cogan, Marin; Bresnahan, John (February 4, 2011). "Justice Thomas's wife Virginia Thomas now a lobbyist". Politico. Retrieved February 4, 2011. ^ Lichtblau, Eric (February 4, 2011). "Justice Thomas's Wife Sets Up a Conservative Lobbying Shop". Retrieved February 4, 2011. ^ Sonmez, Felicia (February 9, 2011). "House Democrats say Justice Thomas should recuse himself in health-care case". Retrieved September 23, 2014. ^ Heyer, Kristin E. ; Rozell, Mark J. ; Genovese, Michael A. (2008). Catholics and Politics: The Dynamic Tension Between Faith and Power. Georgetown University Press. 167. ISBN 978-1-58901-653-8. Retrieved March 1, 2013. ^ Escobar, Allyson (July 18, 2018). "Why do Catholics make up a majority of the Supreme Court? ". America. New York, New York: America Press ( Society of Jesus). Retrieved June 16, 2019. ^ Geiger, Kim (January 22, 2011). "Clarence Thomas failed to report wife's income, watchdog says". Retrieved January 23, 2011. ^ Lichtblau, Eric (January 24, 2011). "Thomas Cites Failure to Disclose Wife's Job". Retrieved January 29, 2011. ^ Camia, Catalina (January 24, 2011). "Clarence Thomas fixes reports to include wife's pay". USA Today. Retrieved February 5, 2011. ^ Coyle, Marcia (October 27, 2016). "Young Scholar, Now Lawyer, Says Clarence Thomas Groped Her in 1999".. Retrieved June 16, 2019. ^ Worland, Justin (October 27, 2016). "Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas Denies Groping Accusation". Time. New York, New York: Time USA. Retrieved June 16, 2019. Foskett, Ken (2004). Judging Thomas: The Life and Times of Clarence Thomas. William Morrow. ISBN 978-0-06-052721-1. Greenburg, Jan Crawford (2007). Supreme Conflict: The Inside Story of the Struggle for Control of the United States Supreme Court. Penguin Group. ISBN 978-1-59420-101-1. Toobin, Jeffrey (2007). The Nine: Inside the Secret World of the Supreme Court. ISBN 978-0-385-51640-2. Further reading Abraham, Henry J. (2007). Supreme Court Appointments from Washington to Bush II (5th ed. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7425-5895-3. Brooks, Roy L. Structures of Judicial Decision Making from Legal Formalism to Critical Theory (2nd ed. Durham, N. : Carolina Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-59460-123-1. Carp, Dylan (September 1998). "Out of Scalia's Shadow". Liberty. Archived from the original on February 13, 2006. Cushman, Clare, ed. (2001). The Supreme Court Justices: Illustrated Biographies, 1789–1995 (2nd ed. Supreme Court Historical Society, Congressional Quarterly Books. ISBN 978-1-56802-126-3. Frank, John P. (1995). Friedman, Leon; Israel, Fred L. (eds. The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions. Chelsea House Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7910-1377-9. Gerber, Scott D (1999). First Principles: The Jurisprudence of Clarence Thomas. New York University Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-3099-7. Greenburg, Jan Crawford (2007). Penguin Group (USA). ISBN 978-1-59420-101-1. Hall, Kermit L., ed. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-505835-2. Holzer, Henry Mark (2006). Supreme Court Opinions of Clarence Thomas 1991–2006: A Conservative's Perspective. Madison Press. ISBN 978-1-59113-911-9. Lazarus, Edward (January 6, 2005). "Will Clarence Thomas Be the Court's Next Chief Justice? ". Retrieved May 15, 2010. Mayer, Jane; Abramson, Jill (1994). Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-452-27499-0. Martin, Fenton S. ; Goehlert, Robert U. (1990). Supreme Court: A Bibliography. Congressional Quarterly Books. ISBN 978-0-87187-554-9. Onwuachi-Willig, Angela (January 2005). "Just Another Brother on the SCT? : What Justice Clarence Thomas Teaches Us About the Influence of Racial Identity". Iowa Law Review. University of Iowa College of Law. 90: 931.. Available online at SSRN 638281 Presser, Stephen B. (January–February 2005). "Touting Thomas: The Truth about America's Most Maligned Justice". Legal Affairs. Retrieved May 15, 2010. Thomas, Andrew Peyton (2001). Clarence Thomas: A Biography. Encounter Books. ISBN 978-1-893554-36-8. Rossum, Ralph A. Understanding Clarence Thomas: The Jurisprudence of Constitutional Restoration (University Press of Kansas; 2013) 296 pages; the evolution, application, and impact of Thomas's "original general meaning" approach Urofsky, Melvin I. (1994). The Supreme Court Justices: A Biographical Dictionary. New York: Garland Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8153-1176-8. Woodward, Robert; Armstrong, Scott (1979). The Brethren: Inside the Supreme Court. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-24110-0. External links Clarence Thomas at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a public domain publication of the Federal Judicial Center. Clarence Thomas at Ballotpedia Issue positions and quotes at OnTheIssues Appearances on C-SPAN Clarence Thomas at the 2007 Annual National Lawyers Convention – November 2007. Cornell Law School Biography of Clarence Thomas. Outline of the Anita Hill and Clarence Thomas Controversy Oyez, Official Supreme Court media, Clarence Thomas biography. How to Read the Constitution Excerpt from Thomas's Walter B. Wriston Lecture to the Manhattan Institute in October 2008 Transcripts of Senate Judiciary Committee Hearing on the Nomination of Clarence Thomas to the Supreme Court Washington Post article about Thomas New Yorker Magazine: "Partners: Will Clarence and Virginia Thomas succeed in killing Obama's health-care plan? " by Jeffrey Toobin – August 29, 2011 Supreme Court Associate Justice Nomination Hearings on Clarence Thomas in September and October 1991 United States Government Publishing Office Political offices Preceded by Eleanor Holmes Norton Chair of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission 1982–1990 Succeeded by Evan Kemp Legal offices Preceded by Robert Bork Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit 1990–1991 Succeeded by Judith Rogers Preceded by Thurgood Marshall Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States 1991–present Incumbent U. order of precedence (ceremonial) Preceded by Ministers of Foreign Powers Order of Precedence of the United States as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court Succeeded by Ruth Bader Ginsburg as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court Preceded by Otherwise António Guterres as Secretary-General of the United Nations Supreme Court of the United States The Rehnquist Court Chief Justice: William Rehnquist (1986–2005) 1991–1993: B. White H. Blackmun J. P. Stevens S. O'Connor A. Scalia A. Kennedy D. Souter C. Thomas 1993–1994: R. Ginsburg 1994–2005: S. Breyer The Roberts Court Chief Justice: John Roberts (2005–present) 2005–2006: 2006–2009: S. Alito 2009–2010: S. Sotomayor 2010–2016: E. Kagan 2017–2018: N. Gorsuch 2018–present: B. Kavanaugh v t e Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States Chief justices John Jay ( 1789–1795, cases) John Rutledge ( 1795, cases) Oliver Ellsworth ( 1796–1800, cases) John Marshall ( 1801–1835, cases) Roger B. Taney ( 1836–1864, cases) Salmon P. Chase ( 1864–1873, cases) Morrison Waite ( 1874–1888, cases) Melville Fuller ( 1888–1910, cases) Edward Douglass White ( 1910–1921, cases) William Howard Taft ( 1921–1930, cases) Charles Evans Hughes ( 1930–1941, cases) Harlan F. Stone ( 1941–1946, cases) Fred M. Vinson ( 1946–1953, cases) Earl Warren ( 1953–1969, cases) Warren E. Burger ( 1969–1986, cases) William Rehnquist ( 1986–2005, cases) John Roberts ( 2005–present, cases) Associate justices J. Rutledge * (1790–1791) Cushing (1790–1810) Wilson (1789–1798) Blair (1790–1795) Iredell (1790–1799) T. Johnson (1792–1793) Paterson (1793–1806) S. Chase (1796–1811) Washington (1798–1829) Moore (1800–1804) W. Johnson (1804–1834) Livingston (1807–1823) Todd (1807–1826) Duvall (1811–1835) Story (1812–1845) Thompson (1823–1843) Trimble (1826–1828) McLean (1830–1861) Baldwin (1830–1844) Wayne (1835–1867) Barbour (1836–1841) Catron (1837–1865) McKinley (1838–1852) Daniel (1842–1860) Nelson (1845–1872) Woodbury (1845–1851) Grier (1846–1870) Curtis (1851–1857) Campbell (1853–1861) Clifford (1858–1881) Swayne (1862–1881) Miller (1862–1890) Davis (1862–1877) Field (1863–1897) Strong (1870–1880) Bradley (1870–1892) Hunt (1873–1882) J. M. Harlan (1877–1911) Woods (1881–1887) Matthews (1881–1889) Gray (1882–1902) Blatchford (1882–1893) L. Lamar (1888–1893) Brewer (1890–1910) Brown (1891–1906) Shiras (1892–1903) H. Jackson (1893–1895) E. White * (1894–1910) Peckham (1896–1909) McKenna (1898–1925) Holmes (1902–1932) Day (1903–1922) Moody (1906–1910 Lurton (1910–1914) Hughes * (1910–1916) Van Devanter (1911–1937) J. Lamar (1911–1916) Pitney (1912–1922) McReynolds (1914–1941) Brandeis (1916–1939) Clarke (1916–1922) Sutherland (1922–1938) Butler (1923–1939) Sanford (1923–1930) Stone * (1925–1941) O. Roberts (1930–1945) Cardozo (1932–1938) Black (1937–1971) Reed (1938–1957) Frankfurter (1939–1962) Douglas (1939–1975) Murphy (1940–1949) Byrnes (1941–1942) R. Jackson (1941–1954) W. Rutledge (1943–1949) Burton (1945–1958) Clark (1949–1967) Minton (1949– 1956) J. Harlan II (1955–1971) Brennan (1956–1990) Whittaker (1957–1962) Stewart (1958–1981) B. White (1962–1993) Goldberg (1962–1965) Fortas (1965–1969) T. Marshall (1967–1991) Blackmun (1970–1994) Powell (1972–1987) Rehnquist * (1972–1986) Stevens (1975–2010) O'Connor (1981–2006) Scalia (1986–2016) Kennedy (1988–2018) Souter (1990–2009) Thomas (1991–present) Ginsburg (1993–present) Breyer (1994–present) Alito (2006–present) Sotomayor (2009–present) Kagan (2010–present) Gorsuch (2017–present) Kavanaugh (2018–present) * Also served as Chief Justice of the United States.

Full movie created equal: clarence thomas in his own words worksheet.

 

Full Movie Created Equal: Clarence Thomas in His Own wordsmith. Thank you. Very interesting. Full Movie Created Equal: Clarence Thomas in His Own words without. Leading question. Was the Anita Hill that testified on the hill, the Anita Hill that you knew at the EEOC? That is not leading at all. He's disgusting. SLOWBALLING MATTERS. It's funny how so many folks just know Anita is innocent. Just as funny how so many folks seem to know Clarence is innocent. I'll bet folks' blind allegiance would change if their political parties were the same. is one of them was of a different race.

WOW, well articulated and 100% accurate. He won his “case” at that moment. Still shaken by the implications of a 24 hour period without aids being enough time for him to die and be cremated, where NO doctor EVER checked anything out. Cleared by phone? ummmmmm. So he became a supreme court judge by playing the race card, so whether or not he is guilty or innocent if they dont vote him through they are racist. Full Movie Created Equal: Clarence Thomas in His Own words to say.

Wouldnt it be nice if everyone followed their own advice. Look at them sitting there knowing a murderer is sitting right beside him and he himself is probably guilty of exactly what he is accusing judge Thomas arrogance.

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Full movie created equal: clarence thomas in his own words lyrics. Full Movie Created Equal: Clarence Thomas in His Own wordstream. Full Movie Created Equal: Clarence Thomas in His Own words.

 

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Writer - Nick Primrose
Resume: Deputy General Counsel @GovRonDeSantis | Personal Account = Tweets/Opinions are solely in my personal capacity.

 

 

 

✰no sign up✰ Phoenix, Oregon Free Movie

✰no sign up✰ Phoenix, Oregon Free Movie
3.3 stars - jiumezuro1986

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Two longtime friends battle mid-life crisis by opening a bowling alley/pizzeria in their small hometown

Ratings=8 / 10 star

rating=47 Vote

2019

 

Best Places to Live in Phoenix, Oregon Small-town complex - Southern Oregon along I-5, 30 miles north of the California border. June, September and May are the most pleasant months in Phoenix, while December and January are the least comfortable months. Pros -Nearby recreation -Attractive setting -College-town element Cons -Growth and sprawl -Air quality -Low ethnic diversity ECONOMY The unemployment rate in Phoenix is 4. 7% (U. S. avg. is 3. 9%). Recent job growth is Positive. Phoenix jobs have increased by 1. 5%. More Economy COST OF LIVING Compared to the rest of the country, Phoenix's cost of living is 1. 6% higher than the U. average. More Cost of Living or Compare Phoenix's Cost of Living WEATHER & CLIMATE June, September and May are the most pleasant months in Phoenix, while December and January are the least comfortable months. Today's Weather | Climate Averages VOTING Jackson county voted Republican in four of the last five Presidential elections, voting Democratic in 2008. More Voting Stats POPULATION Phoenix's population is 4, 522 people. Since 2010, it has had a population growth of 0. Learn More... TRANSPORTATION Average Commute time is 18. 7 minutes. The National Average is 26. 4 minutes. REAL ESTATE The median home cost in Phoenix is $279, 400. Home appreciation the last 10 years has been 8. 1%. Check out the homes in the area SCHOOLS Phoenix public schools spend $9, 910 per student. The average school expenditure in the U. is $12, 383. There are about 21. 4 students per teacher in Phoenix. More Education.

Phoenix oregon free movies youtube. Phoenix, Oregon Free. I like that u didnt film their faces, I know u are allowed to do it and so on but since they showed you respect, Its good to see that u showed equal respect back. Shaking their hand's and so on. Ive seen many videos on youtube where people are being rude towards police officers, I know there are some jack ass cops out there who behave really bad but its pretty ignorant to blame all of the cops, even the good ones. Big respect to u and to the cops! and keep on doing your thing educating people.

Phoenix 2c oregon free movie mall. It's a darn good movie. No chase scenes or special effects, just a good plot, great character actors, and an interesting setting. The movie offers a believable story, a message that is not trite, and more than a few good laughs along the way. I suspect we will hear much more about this movie as it gets exposure, but go and see it as soon as you get a chance.

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  • 2020
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  1. Runtime: 1 hour 45 minutes
  2. year: 2019
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She is stopped by Chris who, in trying to prevent her from harming the plant knocks her out on the floor of the lab, exposing her to the plant pollen. Later Alice learns that Little Joe has been nominated for an award meaning that the plant will be sold worldwide. When Chris apologizes for hitting her she kisses him, and later dismisses her concerns as paranoia. She allows Joe to move in with his father and starts a new, happier life with her own Little Joe. Cast [ edit] Emily Beecham as Alice Woodard Ben Whishaw as Chris Kerry Fox as Bella Kit Connor as Joe Woodard David Wilmot as Karl Phénix Brossard as Ric Jason Cloud as Student Sebastian Hülk as Ivan Leanne Best as Brittany Lindsay Duncan as Psychotherapist Goran Kostic Release [ edit] Martin Gschlacht, Jessica Hausner and Bruno Wagner (2020) The film had its world premiere at the Cannes Film Festival on 17 May 2019. [5] [6] [7] Shortly after, Magnolia Pictures and BFI Distribution acquired U. S. and U. K. distribution right to the film. [8] [9] It is scheduled to be released in Austria on 1 November 2019, by Filmladen. [10] in the United States on 6 December 2019, [11] Germany on 9 January 2020, by X Verleih AG, [12] and the United Kingdom on 21 February 2020. [13] Reception [ edit] The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported that 65% of critics have given the film a positive review based on 82 reviews, with an average rating of 6. 23/10. The site's critics consensus reads: " Little Joe ' s unorthodox approach may baffle horror fans lured in by its premise – but like its title character, the end result exerts a creepy thrall. " [14] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 59 out of 100 based on 22 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". [15] References [ edit] External links [ edit] Official website Little Joe on IMDb.

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Tomatometer: 7,4 of 10 star. Audience score: 1170 Vote. Kunal Khemu. Advait visits Goa where he meets Sara, a free-spirited girl who lives life unshackled. Opposites attract and all goes well until life turns upside down. Years later, Advait is on a killing spree with cops Aghase and Michael in his way. writer: Aniruddha Guha. Release date: 2020.

Movie online malang full. Malang City City of Malang Kota Malang Regional transcription(s) • Javanese ꦏꦸꦛꦩꦭꦁ • Pegon كَوتَ مَلَڠْ ‎ Clockwise, from top left: Malang City Hall, Badut Temple, Gajayana Stadium, Malang Station and Karangkates Dam Seal Motto(s): Malang Kuçeçwara (meaning: God shattering the wrong, uphold the correct) Location within East Java Malang Location in Java and Indonesia Malang Malang (Indonesia) Malang Malang (Asia) Coordinates: 7°58′48″S 112°37′12″E  /  7. 98000°S 112. 62000°E Coordinates: 7°58′48″S 112°37′12″E  /  7. 62000°E Country Indonesia Province East Java Settled 760 Incorporated (City) 1 April 1914 Government • Mayor Sutiaji • Vice Mayor Sofyan Edi Jarwoko Area • City 145. 28 km 2 (56. 09 sq mi) • Urban 1, 132. 7 km 2 (437. 3 sq mi) • Metro 2, 156. 6 km 2 (832. 7 sq mi) Elevation 506 m (1, 660 ft) Population (2017 BPS [1]) • City 887, 443 • Density 6, 100/km 2 (16, 000/sq mi) • Urban 2, 795, 209 • Urban density 2, 500/km 2 (6, 400/sq mi) • Metro 3, 663, 691 • Metro density 1, 700/km 2 (4, 400/sq mi) Demonym(s) Malangan, Arema [2] Time zone UTC+7 ( IWST) Postal Code 6511x–6514x Area code (+62) 341 Vehicle registration N Airport Abdul Rachman Saleh Airport Website malangkota Malang (; Javanese: ꦏꦸꦛꦩꦭꦁ) is a city in the Indonesian province of East Java. It has a history dating back to the age of Singhasari Kingdom. It is the second most populous city in the province, with a population of 887, 443 according to the 2016 estimation. [3] Its metro area is home to 3, 663, 691 inhabitants spread across two cities and 22 districts (21 in Malang Regency and one in Pasuruan Regency). [4] Malang is the third largest city by economy in East Java, after Surabaya and Kediri, with an estimated 2016 GDP at Rp 44. 30 trillion. [5] The city is well known for its mild climate. During the period of Dutch colonization, it was a popular destination for European residents. Until now, Malang still holds its position a popular destination for international tourists. [6] Malang keeps various historical relics. This city keeps relics of the Kingdom of Kanjuruhan period until the Dutch period. [7] Dutch heritage in general in the form of ancient buildings such as the Kayutangan church and Ijen cathedral which has gothic architecture. Malang also held various events to preserve its cultural heritage, one of them is the Malang Tempo Doeloe Festival. Malang also has a lot of historical heritage which has become a landmark like Tugu Malang ( Alun-alun Bundar). Malang is also well known because it is labeled as an educational city. This city has one of the best universities in Indonesia such as Brawijaya University and Malang State University. [8] Malang has various ethnic groups and cultures from all over Indonesia and the World. The population of Malang reaches 895, 387 people with a majority of Javanese, followed by the Madurese and Chinese or Peranakan. [9] Malang metropoitan area or notable known as Malang Raya, is the second largest metropolitan area in East Java after Gerbangkertosusila (Surabaya Metropolitan Area). If viewed from the side of Javanese culture, The majority of Malang people belongs to culture of Arekan Javanese. [10] Malang was spared many of the effects of the Asian financial crisis and since that time it has been marked by steady economic and population growth. [11] Etymology [ edit] The etymology of the name Malang is uncertain. One of the theory said that the name Malang is derived from the words Malangkuçeçwara which means "God has destroyed the false and enforced the right". The words was taken from an ancient term which mention a legendary temple called Malangkuçeçwara supposedly located near the city Malang. The word Malangkuçeçwara was applied as the motto of the city of Malang. The name "Malang" first appeared on the Pamotoh / Ukirnegara Inscription (1120 Saka / 1198 AD) which was discovered on 11 January 1975 by a Bantaran plantation administrator in Wlingi, Blitar Regency. In the copper inscription, one part is written (with the following translation) as follows. [12].. sakrid Malang-akalihan wacid lawan macu pasabhanira dyah Limpa Makanagran I...... in the east where hunting around Malang with wacid and the mancu, Dyah Limpa rice fields namely... Malang here refers to an eastern of Mount Kawi. Although it is known that the use of Malang has at least been going on since the 12th century, it cannot be ascertained the etymology of its territory. The first hypothesis refers to the name of a holy building called Malangkuçeçwara ( pronounced [malaŋkuʃeʃworo]). The sacred building is referred to in two Balitung King inscriptions from Ancient Mataram, namely the Mantyasih Inscription in 907 AD and the Inscription of 908 AD. [13] Experts still have not obtained an agreement where the building is located. On the one hand, there are a number of experts who say that the Malangkuçeçwara building is located in the Mount Buring area, a mountain that stretches east of Malang where there is one of its peaks named "Malang". [13] Others on the other hand suspect that the actual location of the sacred building is in the Tumpang area, Malang Regency. In the area, there is a village called Malangsuka, which according to historians comes from the word Malangkuça ( pronounced [malankuʃoː]) which is pronounced upside down. This opinion is reinforced by the existence of ancient relics around Tumpang such as Jago Temple and Kidal Temple which is the territory of the Kingdom of Singhasari. [13] The Malangkuçeçwara name consists of 3 words, namely mala which means falsehood, cheating, falsehood, and evil, angkuça ( pronounced [aŋkuʃo] which means to destroy or destroy, and içwara ( pronounced [iʃworo]) which means God. Therefore, Malangkuçeçwara means "God has destroyed the vanity". [14] The second hypothesis refers to the story of the assault of the Mataram Sultanate forces to Malang in 1614 led by Tumenggung Alap-Alap. [15] According to folklore, there was a conversation between Tumenggung Alap-Alap and one of his assistants regarding the condition of Malang before the attack began. The assistant from Tumenggung Alap-Alap mentioned residents and soldiers from the area as residents who "blocked the halangi" ("Malang" in Javanese) from the arrival of Mataram troops. After the conquest, the Mataram forces named the area of conquest as Malang. [16] History [ edit] Early history [ edit] Miniature of Malang Highlands The Malang area in the Pleistocene era was still a deep basin flanked by volcanic activity from mountains such as the Karst Mountains in the South, Kawi, Butak, and Kelud in the West, Anjasmoro, and Arjuno-Welirang complex in the Northeast and North, and the Tengger Mountains Complex in East. [17] The basin has not been inhabited by humans because the condition is still in the form of lava and hot lava flows from the surrounding mountains. [18] Towards the rainy season, the Malang basin is filled with water flowing through the mountain slopes leading to a number of rivers and forming an ancient swamp. The swamps spread to create ancient lakes. When the ancient lake had not dried up, early human civilization was still in the early to advanced stages of Hunting and Collecting Food. The settlements are still on the slopes of mountains and mountains that surround Malang in the form of natural caves. Therefore, it is understandable that the discovery of artifacts in the paleolithic and mesolithic period is found in mountainous areas, such as on the slopes of Mount Kawi, Arjuno-Welirang, Tengger, Semeru and the Southern Karst Mountains. [19] Malang ancient lake gradually dried up in the Holocene era and caused the Malang region to become a plateau in Malang. When it began to enter the Planting Period, early humans began to descend mountains and make a number of settlements and agricultural areas. The discovery of a number of artifacts in the form of two square pickaxes, chalcedony stone tools and hand-held andesite axes on the east side of Mount Kawi in the Kacuk area around the Metro and Brantas streams reinforced this assumption. [8] In addition, the study estimates that the forms of occupancy in the transitional period were in the form of a stilt house, where the body of the house was supported by the legs of the house and was several meters above the ground. This is reinforced by the discovery of artifacts in the form of "Watu Gong" or "Watu Kenong" in Dinoyo, Lowokwaru, Malang, whose forms are similar to traditional musical instruments, namely gong, which are actually swear or foundation of a stilt house. [19] The growth of settlements around the river flowing in Malang became the forerunner of the ancient civilizations of the Homo sapiens. [20] Hindu and Islamic Kingdoms [ edit] Kanjuruhan Kingdom [ edit] The history of Malang Regency could be revealed through the Dinoyo inscription at year of 760 as the primary official document to support the birth of Malang before a new inscription was discovered in 1986, which is yet to be deciphered. According to the inscription, it was concluded that the 8th century was the beginning of the existence of Malang Regency's government due to the birth of King Gajayana's ruling of his Indianized Hindu kingdom in Malang. From the Dinoyo inscriptions, it is noted that the inscription used the " Candra Sengkala " or Cronogram Calendar, and stated that the birth date of Malang Regency was on Jum'at Legi (sweet Friday) of 28 November 760. [21] Medang Kingdom [ edit] Kanjuruhan Kingdom power is estimated to not last long. The kingdom was finally under the rule of Medang i Bhumi Mataram ( Ancient Mataram Kingdom or Medang) during the leadership of King Dyah Balitung (899–911 AD). In the Balingawan Inscription (813 Saka / 891 AD), it is mentioned Pu Huntu as Rakryan Kanuruhan (ruler of Kanuruhan character) in the reign of King Mpu Daksa (911–919 AD). [22] The area that used to be an autonomous kingdom has dropped one level to a watak (region) that is on a level with the duchy or district (one level under the authority of the king). Watak Kanuruhan which covers the center of Malang today is an entity that stands side by side with Watak Hujung (in Ngujung, Toyomarto Village, District Singosari, Malang Regency) and Watak Tugaran (in Tegaron, Lesanpuro, Kedungkandang, Malang Regency) which each oversees several wanua ( village level). [23] When the capital Medang was moved to the Tamwlang and Watugaluh ( Jombang) areas during the reign of King Mpu Sindok (929–948 AD), several inscriptions such as Sangguran, Turyyan, Gulung-Gulung, Linggasutan, Jeru-Jeru, Tija, Kanuruhan, Muncang, and Wurandungan describes a number of tax liability policies for sima (civil villages) in Malang and a number of land grant processes to build temples. [24] Kahuripan, Janggala, and Kediri Kingdom [ edit] There is no record that explains in detail the status and role of the area around Malang during King Airlangga's leadership in addition to the fact that Malang entered the territory of the Kingdom of Kahuripan. Because the Malang area is no longer the center of government of the Kingdom which is centered around Mount Penanggungan and Sidoarjo with its capital Kahuripan. Even when Raja Airlangga divided Kahuripan into Panjalu which was centered in Daha ( Kadiri) and Jenggala which remained centered in Kahuripan, the Malang region was included as a peripheral of the powers of both kingdoms. However, it can be ascertained that the Malang region entered the Jenggala region at the time of this division. The division of Kahuripan shows that Mount Kawi was used as the boundary of the two new kingdoms with the eastern side obtained by Jenggala. Malang again became an important area in the history of Panjalu or Jenggala when King Jayabhaya of Panjalu conquered Jenggala. In the Hantang Inscription (1057 Saka / 1135 AD), it is written Panjalu Jayati (" Panjalu Menang "), signifying Panjalu's victory over Jenggala. The inscription also included the granting of special privileges to several villages in Hantang (Ngantang, Malang Regency) and its surroundings for their services in favor of Panjalu during the war. [25] This inscription also shows that the Malang region is under the authority of Panjalu. The Kamulan Inscription (1116 Saka / 1194 AD) records the events of the attack of an area from the east of Daha (Kadiri) against King Kertajaya (in the Pararaton called Dandang Gendhis) who resided in the Katang-Katang Kedaton. [26] There is no further research on whether the attack was a rebellion or attempted conquest. However, the existence of the Kamulan Inscription shows that there was a new political force that emerged to oppose Panjalu's power. This argument is reinforced by the existence of the Sukun Inscription (1083 Saka / 1161 AD) which mentions a king named Jayamerta who gave special rights to Sukun Village (allegedly in Sukun Sub-District, District Sukun, Malang) for fighting enemies. [27] Jayamerta has never been stated explicitly or implicitly in various records that refer to information regarding both the list of rulers of Kadiri and Jenggala. Some historians such as Agus Sunyoto mention that the area of origin of the resistance was named Purwa or Purwwa. This was supported by Sunyoto's argument when referring to all Majapahit rulers as descendants of Ken Arok who "[... ] drained his seed into the world through teja which emanated from" secrets "Ken Dedes, naraiswari [... ] Purwa Kingdom. " [28] "Naraiswari (or nareswari / Ardanareswari) himself in Sanskrit means "the main woman" and Ken Dedes himself is the daughter of Mpu Purwa, a brahmana from Panawijyan (Kelurahan Polowijen, Kecamatan Blimbing, Malang). In the end the resistance effort from the area which was said to be named Purwa / Purwwa was successfully crushed by Panjalu. Some historians attribute the series of events of resistance and crackdown to the socio-political context of the two conflicts involving King Kertajaya and the Brahmin class. The first is the policy of King Kertajaya who tried to reduce a number of rights from the Brahmana class. Some folklore shows that King Kertajaya wanted to be "worshiped" by the Brahmins so that it was contrary to the religious teachings of the Brahmins. The second is the kidnapping of Ken Dedes by Tunggul Ametung, akuwu (equivalent to sub-district head) for the Tumapel region. [29] According to Blasius Suprapto, the location of Tumapel itself was in an area formerly called Kutobedah (now called Kotalama, Kedungkandang, Malang). [30] The implication of the two conflicts was the withdrawal of political support from the Brahmana class against Raja Kertajaya. Singhasari Empire [ edit] The collapse of Panjalu / Kadiri and the birth of the Tumapel Kingdom in Malang originated from the Brahmana class from Panjalu who tried to save himself from political persecution by King Kertajaya. They fled eastward and joined the political forces in Tumapel, led by Ken Angrok or Ken Arok. He then rebelled against Akuwu Tunggul Ametung and took control of Tumapel. Ken Arok's victory was at the same time a statement of war to separate himself from Panjalu/Kadiri. The power struggle between Kertajaya and Ken Arok towards the Malang region and its surroundings led to the Battle of Ganter in Ngantang (now a sub-district in Malang Regency) (1144 Saka / 1222 AD) which was won by Ken Arok. He also ordained himself as the first king of the Kingdom of Tumapel with the title Rajasa Sang Amurwabhumi. The capital itself remained in Tumapel but changed its name to Kutaraja. Jago Temple, a place of worship for King Wisnuwardhana, in Tumpang, Malang Regency During the period of the transfer of the royal capital during the reign of King Wisnuwardhana from Kutaraja to Singhasari (Singosari District, Malang Regency) in 1176 Saka / 1254 AD, there was no comprehensive record of the strategic status of the Malang region in the Tumapel era. There was no explanation for the reasons for the move but starting in this era Singhasari became the name of this kingdom. The remaining data only shows a number of historical places in Malang such as the Gunung Katu area in Genengan (Prangargo, Wagir, Malang Regency) which according to historian Dwi Cahyono is a dharma site, [31] Kidjo Rejo area (Kidal Village, District Tumpang, Malang Regency), where Raja Anusapati was worshiped in Candi Kidal, and the Tumpang area where Raja Wisnuwardhana was dharma in Jago Temple. Another legacy is the spring of Watugede in Watugede Village, Singosari District, Malang Regency. According to Agus Irianto, the bathing staff of Watugede, Pararaton wrote that this place was often used by Ken Dedes and other prospective women to clean the body. The village elders also believe that in this place Ken Arok also saw the light emanating from the body of Ken Dedes as a sign that he was a nareswari. [32] During the leadership of Raja Kertanegara, the Kingdom of Singhasari faced a rebellion by Jayakatwang from the bracelet area (around Madiun). [33] Jayakatwang himself is the great-grandson of Raja Kertajaya according to Negarakertagama and nephew of Raja Wisnuwardhana (from the lineage of women) according to the Mula Malurung Inscription. [34] The rebellion killed Raja Kertanegara, the last king of Singhasari, due to his territory having no defense when most of his military was sent for the Pamalayu Expedition. [35] Jayakatwang easily occupied the capital, took power and moved the center of government to his ancestral land, Kadiri. [36] Majapahit Empire [ edit] Malang was not the center of the power struggle between Jayakatwang, Raden Wijaya, and Kublai Khan's army from Mongol. After winning the succession of power, Raden Wijaya, who held the title of Kertarajasa Jayawardhana moved the center of power to the area he had built in the Tarik Forest (now around Mojokerto and District Tarik, Sidoarjo). However, the Malang region witnessed history from the fate of Jayakatwang who was exiled to another spring in Polaman (now Kalirejo Village, Lawang District, Malang Regency). According to Pararaton and Kidung Harsyawijaya, this was where Jayakatwang was inspired to write Wukir Polaman, his last literary work before being executed by Raden Wijaya. [32] In the Majapahit government structure according to the Waringin Pitu Inscription (AD 1447), the Malang region is included in the Bhumi or the capital of empire. He is a nagara (provincial equivalent) named Tumapel which is led by a rajya (governor) or natha (master) or bhre (nobleman / prince) —such as dukes. [37] Negarakertagama also recorded King Hayam Wuruk's visit to several places in the Malang region in 1359 AD. [38] According to Yudi Anugrah Nugroho, the tour was part of a series of trips by King Hayam Wuruk to review the development around Lumajang. This visit is usually done when the harvest period is over. [39] There are at least two contexts of the tour, namely recreation and pilgrimage. [40] For the recreational context, the first place was Kasuranggan Park in the Sumberawan area (Toyomarto Village, District Singosari, Malang Regency). It was here that King Hayam Wuruk built a stupa as a place of worship for Buddhists so that it became the Sumberawan Temple as it is now. [41] The second is Kedung Biru. Some historians connect Kedung Biru with the location now called Dusun Biru, Gunungrejo Village, District Singosari, Malang Regency. It is called kedung (meaning: ravine) because it is on the edge of a cliff near the Klampok River. In addition to the recreational place of Raja Hayam Wuruk, it is said that this place is a sanctuary for kris made by Mpu Gandring and other royal weapons. The third is the Bureng area identified as the Wendit natural bath in Mangliawan Village, District Pakis, Malang Regency. For the context of pilgrimage, King Hayam Wuruk visited several heritage temples of the Singhasari Kingdom which aimed to dharma the ancestors ( Wangsa Rajasa). Some of the temples visited include Kidal Temple (in honor of King Anusapati), Jago Temple (in honor of King Wisnuwardhana), and Candi Singasari (in honor of Raja Kertanegara). Especially for Singasari Temple, there is debate about whether it was built during the reign of Singhasari or Majapahit Kingdom. Because, according to the National Library of the Republic of Indonesia, Singosari Temple was built around 1300 AD (the reign of King Raden Wijaya) as a temple of respect, if not dharma, Raja Kertanegara along with Jawi Temple. [42] However, there is an argument which states that this temple was being built during the reign of King Kertanegara itself as a public worship temple. The consequence of this last argument is that the construction of the temple was not completed due to the occupation of Singhasari by Jayakatwang. [42] The Malang region (Tumapel) became one of the objects of political conflict when the War of Paregreg erupted (1404–1406). This area is claimed by Aji Rajanata, Bhre Wirabhumi II (Blambangan, Banyuwangi). However, the claim was opposed by Manggalawardhana, Bhre Tumapel II, who was still the son of King Hayam Wuruk. Therefore, this area is considered as the frontline of the battle involving Majapahit (West) and Blambangan ('East Majapahit). However, because War Paregreg was won by King Wikramawardhana, Tumapel returned to Majapahit power. [42] When the Majapahit Kingdom arrived Admiral Cheng Ho from China ( Ming Dynasty) in 1421 AD, he agreed with King Wikramawardhana (1389–1429 AD) to place Ma Hong Fu and Ma Yung Long as ambassadors of the Ming Dynasty at Tumapel. [43] This can be attributed to Admiral Cheng Ho's diplomatic efforts to ensure the security of ethnic Chinese in the Majapahit region. During the War of Paregreg (1406), around 170 delegates from the Ming Dynasty were sent by Admiral Cheng Ho to re-establish diplomatic relations between China and Majapahit after the conflict of the Jayakatwang-Raden Wijaya-Kublai Khan in the era of transition from Singhasari to Majapahit. However, all the envoys were massacred by King Wikramawardhana who could not distinguish their arrival status as an enemy or not. The role of Admiral Cheng Ho was also significant for the Malang region (Tumapel) in 1432 when he was with his subordinates, Gan Eng Cu and (Duke ( Bhre) of Arya Teja I of Tuban) and his younger brother, Gan Eng Wan, helped Ratu Maharani Sri Suhita (1429–1447 AD) to unite Daha (Kadiri) and Tumapel after internal conflict. [43] For his services, Bro Eng Wan was given the title Raden Arya Suganda was appointed as an official at Tumapel. Sengguruh Kingdom [ edit] Tomb of Arya Terung, Duke of Sengguruh. Sengguruh is the last Hindu kingdom and the rest of the heritage of Majapahit sympathizers in Malang. He was an independent kingdom after the fall of Majapahit. [44] Hermanus Johannes de Graff argued that the son of the Brawijaya VII, Raden Pramana fled to the remote mountain region in the south [45] due to the occupation of Daha (Kadiri) (capital of Majapahit since Girindrawardhana – Brawijaya VI) by Sultan Trenggana from Demak in 1527. The leader of this region is Arya Terung with the title Adipati Sengguruh. The name Sengguruh is said to be related to the existence of an education center and the residence of the knights or banner (commonly called Kepanjian or Kepanjen area). The banners who want to study in Kepanjen are said to be saying "Let's go to the Teacher" which refers to the place where they study. These words gradually became Sengguruh. [46] According to Babad ing Gresik (Chronicles of Gresik), the kingdom had tried to attack the Lamongan and Giri (Gresik) areas in 1535. However, the efforts of Arya Terung were unsuccessful, if not failed to maintain their occupation of the two regions. [47] In fact, according to the records in Tedhak Dermayudan, after the failure of the conquest, Arya Terung adopted Islam and spread Islamic teachings throughout Sengguruh. [47] As a result, the Majapahit sympathizers led by Raden Pramana rebelled and made the Arya Terung flee north around the lower reaches of the Brantas River. With the help of Sultan Trenggana who had conquered the former capital of the Singhasari Empire in 1545. Sengguruh succeeded in quelling the rebellion. Raden Pramana fled towards Blambangan. In Serat Kanda, Sultan Trenggana once again appointed Arya Terung as Duke of Sengguruh which was under the Demak Sultanate. In addition, the Malang area after the conquest of Sultan Trenggana changed to Kutho Bedah ("The Destructed City"). [48] Sengguruh Kingdom remains in the form of ruins in Sumedang Hamlet, Jenggala Village (on the west side of Sengguruh Village), District Kepanjen, Malang Regency. [47] Dutch East Indies [ edit] The city was capital city of Singhasari in 1222, then transferred to Dutch colony. Malang was modernized under the Dutch; its mild climate which results from its elevation, along with its proximity to the major port of Surabaya, made it a popular destination for the Dutch and other Europeans. Malang began to grow and develop rapidly and various economic sectors of the community were increasing, especially the need for space to carry out various activities. [49] As a result, there was a change in land use which was marked by a built up area that appeared uncontrollably. Changes in land functions undergo rapid changes, such as from functioning land agriculture becomes a functioning land of housing and industry. In 1879, Malang was connected to Java's railroad network, further increasing development and leading to increased industrialization. On 1 April 1914, Malang was designated gemeente (city). [50] Japanese occupation [ edit] During the Japanese population in Nusantara, Malang was also occupied by Japan. Imperial Japanese Army began occupying Malang on 7 March 1942. During the Japanese occupation there was a shift in the function of the building. The houses where the Dutch lived were transferred to their functions. The Dutch building on Jalan Semeru which was used as an office or the headquarters of the Dutch troops was converted into the Kentapetai building. [51] Independence of Indonesia [ edit] After Independence of Indonesia in 1945, Malang became part of the Republic of Indonesia on 21 September 1945 and re-entered on 2 March 1947 after being re-occupied by the Dutch East Indies. The government was changed to Malang City Government on 1 January 2001 based on second amendments of Indonesia's Constitution. [52] Along with growth came urbanization. The government could not satisfy the population's needs for affordable housing, which led to the building of shanty towns along the rivers and rail tracks. Today, the shanty towns still exist; although some have been transformed into "better" housing. [53] Geography [ edit] Malang is located in the middle of Malang Regency and south side of Java Island. The city has an area of 145. 28 square kilometres (56. 09 sq mi). [54] The city is bordered by Singosari and Karangploso subdistricts on the north side; Pakis and Tumpang subdistricts on the east side; Tajinan and Pakisaji subdistricts on the south side; and Wagir and Dau subdistricts on the west side [55] which are all subdistricts of Malang Regency. The parts of Malang have their own characteristics so that they are well-suited for various activities. The southern part of Malang is a large enough plateau that is suitable for industry, the northern part is a fertile highland that is suitable for agriculture, the eastern part is a plateau with less fertile soil, and the western part is a vast plateau and is now an educational area. [55] Malang City is passed by one of the longest rivers in Indonesia and the second longest in Java after Bengawan Solo, the Brantas River whose source is located on the slopes of Mount Arjuno in the northwest of the city. The second longest river in Malang is the Metro River through Malang in Karangbesuki village, Sukun subdistrict. The city of Malang is located at a plateau. The city lies at an altitude between 440–667 metres above sea level. The city's highest point is in CitraGarden City Malang, a real estate development, [56] while the lowest area of Malang is in the Dieng area. [57] The city of Malang is surrounded by mountains and mountain ranges. The city is surrounded by Mount Arjuno in the north; Mount Semeru to the east; Mount Kawi and Mount Butak in the west; Mount Kelud in the south. [55] The popular active volcano Mount Bromo is about 25 km (16 miles) east of the city, and in November 2010, the airport was closed for nearly a week due to airborne ash from an eruption. [58] Cityscapes [ edit] The view of West Malang from State University of Malang tower. University of Brawijaya's rectorate and main library building can be seen as a tower on the left side of the picture. Climate [ edit] The Climate in Malang city features tropical monsoon climate ( Am) as the climate precipitation throughout the year is greatly influenced by the monsoon, bordering with subtropical highland climate ( Cwb). The driest month is August with precipitation total 26 mm, while the wettest month is January with precipitation total 334 mm. The temperature is moderated by the altitude, as the city is located at 506 m above sea level. The hottest month is October and November with average 24. 3 °C, while the coolest month is July with average 22. 4 °C. Climate data for Malang, East Java, Indonesia (elevation 450 m or 1, 480 ft) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high °C (°F) 28. 5 (83. 3) 28. 7 (83. 7) 29. 0 (84. 2) 28. 8 (83. 8) 28. 4 (83. 1) 29. 3 (84. 8 (85. 6) 30. 2 (86. 4) 29. 5 (85. 1) Daily mean °C (°F) 24. 0 (75. 2) 24. 1 (75. 4) 23. 9 (75. 0) 23. 2 (73. 8) 22. 4 (72. 3) 23. 6 (74. 5) 24. 3 (75. 7) 23. 8 (74. 8) 23. 7 (74. 7) Average low °C (°F) 19. 6 (67. 3) 19. 7 (67. 5) 19. 5 (67. 1) 19. 3 (66. 7) 18. 9 (66. 0) 17. 7 (63. 9) 16. 5 (61. 7) 17. 1 (62. 8) 17. 5 (63. 5) 18. 5 (65. 2 (66. 6) 19. 1 (66. 4) 18. 4) Average precipitation mm (inches) 334 (13. 1) 307 (12. 1) 292 (11. 5) 173 (6. 8) 132 (5. 2) 77 (3. 0) 47 (1. 9) 26 (1. 0) 43 (1. 7) 106 (4. 2) 225 (8. 9) 326 (12. 8) 2, 088 (82. 2) Average relative humidity (%) 81. 7 82. 3 82. 2 79. 8 77. 3 75. 1 72. 9 70. 9 74. 4 79. 1 77. 1 Source #1: (temp & precip) [59] Source #2: Weatherbase (humidity) [60] Administration [ edit] The city of Malang is currently led by Mayor Sutiaji, which will serve his term from 2018 to 2023. [61] The city's legislative body, the Malang Regional People's Representative Council, has 45 seats, dominated by PDI Perjuangan (11 seats), PKB (6 seats), and Golkar Party (5 seats). The members are elected every five years. [62] Malang is divided into five districts ( kecamatan), tabulated below with their 2010 Census population: [63] Name Population Census 2010 Kedungkandang 174, 477 Sukun 181, 513 Klojen 105, 907 Blimbing 172, 333 Lowokwaru 186, 013 Demographics [ edit] Malang municipality has a population of over 800 thousand, [64] with over 3 million clustering in the Malang Valley, [65] making it the province's second most populous city. However, the population growth is not very high, at roughly 1 percent a year. Ethnic backgrounds [ edit] The racial makeup of the city is mainly Javanese, [66] with small percentages of Madurese, [67] Chinese and Arab descent. [68] Compared with other Javanese people, the Javanese people of Malang have a hard and egalitarian character. [66] Religion [ edit] Up until the 14th century, Malang was part of an Indianized majority Hindu - Buddhist kingdom like most of Java. Now a large majority of Malang residents are Muslims. There are small minorities of Catholics, Protestants, Hindus, Buddhists and Confucians. Many buildings of worship still stand from their construction in the colonial era. For example, the City of Malang Grand Mosque ( Masjid Agung Jami Kota Malang — مسجد ملانغ الكبير) in Malang City Square ( Alun-alun Kota Malang); the Catholic Church of the Sacred Heart of Jesus ( Gereja Katolik Hati Kudus Yesus) in Kayutangan; Saint Mary from Mount Carmel Cathedral ( Gereja Ijen or Katedral Santa Maria dari Gunung Karmel) on Jalan Ijen, which is the seat for the Roman Catholic Diocese of Malang; the Immanuel Protestant Church in Alun-alun; and Eng An Kiong Confucian Temple ( Klenteng Eng An Kiong — 永安宮廟) in Jl. Laksamana Martadinata No. 1 Malang. Malang is famous for being a center of religious education. This is evident with the existence of many Islamic schools (madrasahs and pesantren) and Christian bible seminaries. Malang has several convents and monasteries: Carmel Monastery, Ursuline Convent, Misericordia monastery, Monastery of Our Lady of the Sacred Heart Brothers, Convent of the Sisters of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Monastery Mission Congregatio Brother, Brother Abbey Projo, Passionist Monastery, and several others. Indonesian Western of Protestant Church (GPIB) in Downtown Malang Candi Badut Language [ edit] The Arekan dialect of the Javanese language is the day-to-day language used in Malang. Like those of Surabaya, citizens of Malang adopt an egalitarian form of Javanese. As becomes a center of educational, there are many languages from outside Java spoken in Malang. Many native Malang youths adopt a dialect that is called ' Boso Walikan '. This is a form of language game that consists of reversing the pronunciation of the words, e. g. "Malang" becomes "Ngalam". [70] Non-residents [ edit] Temporary residents in Malang are mostly there for educational reasons. They come from other islands, mainly in East and Central Indonesia, which includes Bali, Madura, Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara, Papua, and Maluku. But there are also a large number of students originating from Jakarta, West Java, Sumatra and Borneo. Economy [ edit] Malang City has a developed and pluralistic economy and is an economic area highlighted by the East Java Provincial Government. [71] The gross regional domestic product (GRDP) of Malang reached 57, 171. 60 billion rupiahs [72] with economic contribution of 3. 06% to the GRDP of East Java; Malang became the city with the third largest GRDP in East Java and second-level region ( daerah tingkat II, includes regencies and cities) with the tenth largest GRDP in East Java. [73] GRDP per capita of Malang City, which is 66, 758, 1 hundred thousand rupiahs is the sixth largest in East Java, after Pasuruan Regency. [73] Malang has about 6, 000 unemployed people [74] with an open unemployment rate of 7. 28%. [75] The economy of Malang is supported by various sectors, including industry, services, trade, and tourism. Trade contributed the most, with 29. 53% of the total GRDP of Malang City. [76] Malang is also the home of one of the famous tobacco companies, namely Bentoel. [77] Malang implements a system of creative economy. [78] This can be proved by the high role of micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) in the economy. The city government continues to encourage the development of MSMEs, among them by holding various expos [79] and festivals. [80] In addition to MSMEs, applications and digital games were made subsectors of the application of creative economy. [81] Indirectly, this creative economy also increases the human development of Malang City. [82] In 2016, the economy of Malang grew by 5. 61%. [76] This rapid economic growth is being boosted by tourism. [83] [84] [85] In addition, rapid economic growth was contributed by MSMEs, [86] industry and trade. [87] Inflation in Malang is very low. In September 2017, Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) noted that inflation in Malang was 0. 05%. [88] The underlying cause of inflation is the rise in the general consumer price index. [88] Although low, Malang's inflation rate was once the highest in East Java, that is in July 2017 with inflation of 0. 30%. [89] Transport [ edit] Road [ edit] There are 2, 960 roads in Malang with a total length of 1, 027 kilometres (638 mi). [90] [91] This count does not include provincial and state roads. [90] [91] In addition to being located at Indonesian National Route 23, which connects it to Gempol and Kepanjen, Malang is also connected to provincial roads [92] linking regencies and cities in East Java. To increase connectivity in East Java, toll roads are being built, one of them is the Pandaan-Malang Toll Road. [93] This toll road will end in Madyopuro, Kedungkandang. [94] Now the toll has entered the construction phase. [95] On 28 May 2006, a blow-out occurred during drilling for an exploration of natural gas in Porong, Sidoarjo Regency. The blow-out initially produced 5000 m³ of mud flow per day. 18 months after the incident, the mudflow is estimated to be 80, 000 m³ to 100, 000 m³ per day. This ongoing mudflow has forced the closure of the Porong - Gempol toll road in East Java, which effectively cut off the transport line from Surabaya to Malang. [96] In mid-2015, a new highway — Gempol-Pandaan Toll Road — opened for the public to ease transport from Malang to Surabaya and Pasuruan to Surabaya, vice versa. [97] The primary means of public transportation is by microvans (most of them are Suzuki Carry) and painted blue for legal public use. Those microvans are called Angkot both officially and casually (from Ang kutan = transportation and Kot a = city) but some locals prefer to call it by the name Mikrolet. They are operated privately and cheap, around IDR 4, 000 each boarding, but the angkots are usually cramped. The Department of Transportation of Malang operates angkots and school buses. Both services serve both the city centre and the suburbs. There are now 25 angkot routes in the city. [98] The school buses began operating on 29 December 2014 [99] and there are now six school buses with six routes. [100] Malang has a large intercity bus terminal, Arjosari, located in Blimbing, North Malang. Transportation network companies such as Go-Jek and Grab operate in Malang. A protest was held by angkot and taxi drivers opposing these companies on 20 February 2017, leading Go-Jek to close its office in Malang temporarily. [101] According to INRIX, Malang is one of the most congested cities in the world with total time spent in a year in congestion of 39. 3 hours (20% of total time). [102] According to a Brawijaya University survey, 46. 2% of city residents consider congestion in the city to be severe. [103] This congestion also eliminates the convenience of the tourists. [104] The city government has tried to overcome it by planning the development of monorail [105] [106] and underpasses. However, after conducting several comparative studies, the government stated that the City of Malang is unable to build monorails and underpasses because it is very expensive. [107] Railway [ edit] The Malang Station, located in the centre of Malang, [108] is the main railway station of the city and serves 832, 181 passengers [109] with the number reaching 5 thousand people per day [110] on the mudik of 2017. The station is the largest railway station in Malang [111] and connects Malang with other major cities in Indonesia such as Surabaya, [112] Bandung, [113] and Jakarta. [114] It is near Malang City Hall and some other governmental and primary public services. The station is frequently called as the Malang Kota Baru Station (Malang New City Station) to distinguish it from Kotalama Station (Old City Station) which is located in Sukun, South Malang. There is also a small train station, Blimbing located in Blimbing, North Malang which is strategically located near five and four-star hotels and the city's business and commercial district. To ease commuters from Yogyakarta to Malang vice versa, on 20 May 2012 Malioboro Express (Moleks) has been operated. [115] Previously, there was a tram system in Malang, but now it is defunct. Air [ edit] Malang is served by 2 airports in the region. Abdul Rachman Saleh Airport [116] is located closer to the city center. [117] This airport connects the city to domestic cities to Jakarta [118] and Denpasar. [119] The other airport is Juanda International Airport in Sidoarjo Regency which is located 96 km from the city center and serves both International and Domestic flights. Both airports can be accessed by bus, taxis and travel cabs. Education [ edit] Malang has a strong reputation throughout Indonesia as a center for higher education and learning. [120] The following higher education institutions are located in the city: Public institutions: University of Brawijaya (UB) State University of Malang (UM) State Polytechnic of Malang (POLINEMA) Malang State Islamic University of Maulana Malik Ibrahim (UIN Maliki Makang) Private institutions: University of Muhammadiyah Malang [ id] (UMM) Ma Chung University Islamic University of Malang (UNISMA) Catholic University Widya Karya Malang (UKWK) South East Asia Bible Seminary – SAAT STIE Malangkucecwara Widyagama University of Malang (UWG) Institut Teknologi Nasional Malang (ITN) Merdeka University (UNMER) Vocational and Educational Development Center Malang (VEDC Malang) IKIP Budi Utomo Malang Gajayana University of Malang (UNIGA) Universitas Kanjuruhan Malang (UNIKAMA) Malang also has two elementary schools, high schools and two international schools, Wesley International School and Bina Bangsa School Malang. Healthcare [ edit] Health services in the city are quite adequate. This is supported by the focus of the city budget carried out by the municipal government. [121] In Malang, there are hundreds of hospitals, clinics, Puskesmas (community health centres), Posyandu (integrated health posts), and other health services. Provincial and municipal governments have hospitals in this city. The provincial government has a hospital of type A, the Dr. Saiful Anwar Regional General Hospital, [122] while the city government has a smaller hospital, the Malang Regional General Hospital. [123] Dr. Saiful Anwar Hospital is the largest hospital in the city. The hospital is a referral hospital in southern East Java. [124] Other public hospitals are the Malang City Hospital, Panti Nirmala Hospital, Lavalette Hospital, Hermina Tangkubanprahu Hospital, RSI Malang, and Persada Hospital. [125] Malang has many teaching hospitals. Dr. Saiful Anwar Hospital and University of Brawijaya Hospital accommodate by Faculty of Medicine of University of Brawijaya students. [126] [127] [128] The University of Muhammadiyah Malang Hospital which accommodates Faculty of Medicine's students of the University of Muhammadiyah Malang. [129] Culture [ edit] As a center of tourism, Malang has various places of interest which can be classified into local, regional, national and international standards, including traditional dance performances such as Tari Topeng (Mask Dance), Jaranan Pegon (Divine Horse Dance), Tari Beskalan (Beskalan Dance), Tari Bedayan Malang (Welcome Guests Dance), and Tari Grebeg Wiratama (Soldier's Fame Dance). There is also ' Topeng ' or mask handicraft in the villages of Jabung and Kedungmonggo, which have become a familiar landmark in Malang Regency. Football is considered a second religion in Malang. The city is home to Arema FC, a popular football club in Indonesia which is also known in the AFC for its internationally acclaimed achievements. Malang is also home to a thriving transgender ( waria) community headed by Miss Waria Indonesia 2006, Merlyn Sopjan. Many waria work in entertainment industry, beauty salons or become prostitutes. However, they still face prejudice and they can't get many employment options. [130] Historic landmarks [ edit] Because it has been inhabited since prehistoric, various prehistoric objects have been found in Malang. In Bakalankrajan, the people found mortar and dolmen. [131] In addition, also found mortar and scratch stones in Tlogomas which are stored in the Mpu Purwa Museum. [132] [133] [134] In addition, the relics of the Hindu-Buddhist Kingdom did not lose. There has been found a Shiva sect of Hindu worship in the days of Singhasari or Majapahit in the place near McDonald's restaurant in Dinoyo named the Ketawanggede Site. [135] [136] The most famous historical landmark is the relics of the Dutch era. There are historical objects such as ceramic paintings at Hotel Pelangi, [137] Dutch heritage buildings on Jalan Ijen, [138] and ancient buildings with colonial architecture style. [139] The Jalan Ijen area is one of the legacies of architect Herman Thomas Karsten. [140] [141] The Dutch inherited utilities such as drainage. [142] Small objects such as ancient Dutch guldier money were exhibited in 2013. [143] Monuments [ edit] As the main city in Indonesia, Malang is involved in various historical events that took place in Indonesia. To mark the event, various monuments and memorials were built that symbolized important historical events. Historic events, especially the struggle for independence which has the most monuments. These monuments include the Tugu Monument which signifies independence from the Dutch Empire; [144] The TGP Monument (Army Genie Student) was built to commemorate the struggle of the TGP; Monument to the Heroes of the Army of the Republic of Indonesia Student (TRIP), monument to the triumph of the heroes of the TRIP; [145] The Fighting Monument '45 which signifies the collapse of occupation; The Monument of Hamid Rusdi in memory of Hamid Rusdi; General Sudirman Monument that commemorates the struggle of Commander Sudirman; KNIP Malang Monument, the historical monument of the Central Indonesian National Committee (KNIP); and the Melati Monument (Suropati Cadet Monument), a monument to the awarding of emergency schools at the beginning of the formation of the People's Security Army (TKR). Malang symbolizes various things through its monuments. One of them is the historic heritage of Indonesia, namely the MiG-17 Aircraft Monument with the NATO code "Fresco" [146] located on Jalan Soekarno-Hatta. This monument is a symbol of the strength of the Air Force. This aircraft was used during the Trikora and Confrontation Operations. There is also the Statue of Ken Dedes Monument located at the entrance to the northern side of Malang. In Malang there is also a national poet monument, Chairil Anwar, located on Jalan Basuki Rahmat. To symbolize Malang's contemporary history and identity, various monuments were built. Adipura Monument which is located on Jalan Semeru which signifies Adipura achievement by Malang. As Bhumi Arema, [147] there is the Singo Edan Monument located in Taman Bentoel Trunojoyo [148] and the Arema Monument which is located on Jalan Lembang to symbolize the pride of Malang people to their football club, Arema FC. Museums [ edit] Brawijaya Museum with Statue of Sudirman Malang, which is a center of settlements since ancient times, has many historical relics ranging from prehistoric relics to the relics of the 1990s. In this city, the museums already exists to the sub-district level. [149] Museums that store these relics include the Mpu Purwa Museum, a museum containing Hindu-Buddhist relics, [150] Malang Tempo Dooe Museum, Malang historical museum, and Brawijaya Museum, the independence war museum. There is also a museum that leaves the historical heritage of a giant Indonesian company, the Bentoel Museum which contains the history of Bentoel Group and its founders. [151] As one of the most important educational cities since the Dutch East Indies, [152] Malang also has a lot of scientific heritage left behind by European and Indonesian scientists. Among the many museums that leave these relics, there is the Brother Vianney Zoological Museum which contains hundreds of collections of conological specimens and herpetology specimens. Dances [ edit] Malang is a city that has various types of traditional dance. According to the cultural area ( tlatah), Malang belongs to the Arekan Culture. Thus, art dances in the city, especially dance art are more energetic, joyful, and straightforward. Malang dances vary, ranging from welcome dances, namely Beskalan dance, respect dance such as Bedayan dance, to Grebeg Wiratama dance which describes the spirit of war. [153] Although there are many dances besides these dances, the famous Malang dance is the famous Mask Dance. The dance is a dance art performance where all characters use masks. In general, dances often use banner stories, stories of classical Javanese land. [154] In addition to dance, the city also has art in the form of performances. The most famous show is the Banteng show. This art developed in villages rooted in the history of Singhasari in the district. However, even some areas in the very modern city still have the Bantengan community. [155] This art involves bull ancestors who were summoned by elders. Bantengan is considered unique, but there are local people who oppose it. [156] Malangan Braiding Line is no less exciting. This show is an art performance that displays a group of people who are ready to act with a braid line (piggyback). [157] Sometimes, Jaran Kapan dancers get tranced state. [158] Cuisine [ edit] Malang is a famous culinary city at affordable prices. The number of cheap culinary is caused by many people are students from the rest of Indonesia. Dishes typical of Malang, Javanese cuisine, domestically Indonesia cuisine, Chinese cuisine, Indian cuisine, Arab cuisine and European cuisine in Malang. [159] [160] In regard to food, Malang is also known to have many warung that are quite legendary and have lasted for decades. These shops, among others, Toko Oen which was established in 1930; [161] Warung Tahu Telur Lonceng which was established in the early 1900s [162] until it was referred to as colonial-era food to millennials; [163] and Gerai Putu Lanang Celaket which was established in 1935. [164] Culinary tourism in the city was mixed with the Malang Tempo Doeloe Festival. In the festival, a variety of ancient culinary offerings, ranging from cenil, putu, to grendul, were sold. [165] Ancient snacks such as sugar cane, [166] cotton candy, [167] and miller crackers [168] were also sold at the festival. Cotton candy is sold in various forms such as corn, dragons or flowers. [169] Sport [ edit] Arema FC is the city's most widely supported football team and plays in the Indonesian top league, the 2017 Liga 1. Its home is Kanjuruhan Stadium, located in Kepanjen, Malang Regency. Arema FC has a loyal and large fanbase, those fans are called Aremania. There is also another football club, it goes by the name, Persema Malang, now defunct. Malang also has a stadium in Klojen, Central Malang, it is known officially as Gajayana Stadium. Currently it is mostly used for major city events and athletics using its running track. There is also a swimming pool, tennis, basketball, badminton and weightlifting facilities near the stadium area as Central Sports Center. Another large sports center which goes by the name Rampal Sports Center is located near a military base in Kedungkandang, East Malang. The city is also home to the professional basketball team Bimasakti Nikko Steel Malang, which plays in the Indonesian Basketball League. Environment [ edit] Parks [ edit] According to research by The Clean Cities Air Partnership Program (CCAP), Malang is one of the five cities with the cleanest air in Asia. [170] [171] [172] This achievement is one of the results of the community's commitment to continue to cultivate and beautify the city parks. [173] Parks in Malang are known to be clean and have playing facilities so that Malang is considered to be a child-friendly city. [174] The city government also created thematic parks, which helps the city to achieve the Best City Park in Indonesia award. [175] [176] Thematic parks can be found on the green way on Jalan Jakarta, namely the Taman Kunang-Kunang (Firefly Park). [177] The biggest parks in Malang are the Merdeka Square and Tugu Square (Tugu Malang Monument). Merdeka Square is located in front of the Malang Regent's Office and is the oldest square built in 1882. [178] Not only that, Merdeka Square also provides a children playground [179] and a fountain. [180] Tugu Square which is located right in front of the Malang City Hall [181] is decorated by the Tugu Malang, fountains, flowers, ponds with lotuses, typical flowers of Malang, [182] palm trees, and plastic lamps shaped like sunflowers. [183] Although intended for aesthetic elements, the sunflower lights were protested by the local residents because they were considered to be environmentally unfriendly and did not look good. [184] Some parks are the result of development from CSR funds. One of these is the Slamet Park which was built with CSR funds from PT Bentoel Prima. [185] Bentoel's CSR fund was also used to renovate that park [186] and Taman Trunojoyo. [187] One of the famous parks, the Singha Merjosari Park was also renovated with CSR funds. [188] However, the CSR funds used are funds from telecommunications companies. [188] CSR funds from educational institutions such as the Merdeka Education Foundation that manages the Merdeka Malang University have also provided CSR to revitalize the Dieng Canal Park. [189] [190] Awards [ edit] In the environmental field, Malang has won several awards including Adipura (given to the cleanest cities in Indonesia), Adiwiyata, and others. [191] In addition, Malang is the city with the highest number of Adiwiyata schools in Indonesia, namely 173 schools from elementary to junior high schools. [192] The Department of Environment of Malang City also received the 2017 Water Supply and Environmental Health ( Air Minum dan Penyehatan Lingkungan, AMPL) award from the Head of the National Development Planning Agency. [193] AMPL was achieved by the city because the city was able to reduce solid waste in 2016 by 15. 1% and the coverage of access to waste management was 74. 8%. [194] In 2017, the city won the Wahana Tata Nugraha award because it was able to transform the slum environment into a tourist attraction [195] such as the Jodipan Tourism Village. The many awards obtained by the city also had an impact on the increase in Regional Incentive Funds ( Dana Insentif Daerah, DID) from 7. 5 billion rupiahs in 2017 to 25. 5 billion in 2018. [196] Conservation efforts [ edit] The government plays an active role in environmental conservation efforts. In achieving the Adipura Kencana, the education office held the Green School Festival (GSF) which was held annually in schools in the city. [197] The method of implementing the GSF is considered good because it is forcing the participation of all schools. [197] In addition, the Department of Housing and Settlements (Disperkim) also conducted a garden arrangement competition by realising the importance of green open space, [198] and also actively built parks in the city. [199] The city of Malang also seeks to utilise additional funds such as CSR funds to revitalise city parks. [200] [201] Notable people [ edit] Sister cities [ edit] Lyon, France [202] Manchester, United Kingdom Pécs, Hungary [203] Tasikmalaya, West Java, Indonesia [204] Varaždin, Croatia [205] Nonsan, South Chungcheong, South Korea [206] Fuqing, Fujian, China [207] Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta, Indonesia [208] Hebron, Palestine [209] See also [ edit] Greater Malang References [ edit] ^ "BPS Provinsi Jawa Timur".. Retrieved 8 October 2018. ^ "Arti kata Arema – Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI) Online".. Retrieved 8 October 2018. ^ "Penduduk Kota Malang Bertambah 1, 58 Persen Tiap Tahun". Surya Malang. Retrieved 22 May 2017. ^ "Indonesia: Java (Regencies, Cities and Districts) – Population Statistics in Maps and Charts".. ^ Badan Pusat Statistik (2017). Produk Domestik Regional Bruto Kabupaten/Kota di Indonesia 2012–2016. Jakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik. ^ Planet, Lonely. "Malang – Lonely Planet". Lonely Planet. Retrieved 22 May 2017. ^ "Historical Buildings | OIA". 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Jakarta Surabaya 1 10, 154, 134 11 South Sulawesi 1, 447, 677 Bekasi Bandung 2 East Java 2, 847, 480 12 Riau Islands 1, 184, 978 3 West Java 2, 708, 721 13 1, 046, 579 4 2, 480, 615 14 Riau 1, 035, 834 5 North Sumatra 2, 209, 139 15 Lampung 977, 686 6 2, 099, 989 16 West Sumatra 901, 305 7 Banten 2, 043, 213 17 Bali 879, 098 8 Central Java 1, 698, 777 18 850, 904 9 South Sumatra 1, 578, 582 19 East Kalimantan 811, 314 10 1, 538, 970 20 South Kalimantan 674, 739 v t e Tourist attractions in Indonesia Sumatra Ampera Bridge Baiturrahman Grand Mosque Barelang Bridge Bintan Island Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park Gunongan Historical Park Jam Gadang Kerinci Seblat National Park Krakatoa Lagundri Bay Lake Maninjau Lake Singkarak Lake Toba Lumbini Natural Park Maimun Palace Mentawai Islands Regency Nias Pagaruyung Palace Penyengat Island Sipura Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra Way Kambas National Park Java Alas Purwo National Park Ancol Dreamland Anyer Arjuno-Welirang Baluran National Park Batu City Bogor Palace Borobudur Cemoro Lawang Ciletuh-Palabuhanratu Geopark Cukang Taneuh Dieng Volcanic Complex Ceto Temple G-Land Gembira Loka Zoo Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park Heroes Monument House of Sampoerna Ijen Crater Istiqlal Mosque Jalesveva Jayamahe Monument Jawa Timur Park Karimunjawa National Park Kawah Putih Kenjeran Bridge Keraton Kasepuhan Keraton Kacirebonan Keraton Kanoman Keraton Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat Meru Betiri National Park Mount Bromo Mount Halimun Salak National Park Mount Merapi Mount Semeru Mrapen Museum Angkut Nusa Barong Pangandaran Patenggang Lake Pelabuhan Ratu Penataran Prambanan Puncak Ragunan Zoo Ranu Kumbolo Ranu Pani Sangiran Sempu island Sidoarjo mud flow Sukorambi Botanical Garden Surabaya Zoo Suramadu Bridge Taman Mini Indonesia Indah Tangkuban Perahu Thousand Islands Tirto Samodra Beach Tretes Trowulan Yogyakarta City Ujung Kulon National Park Kalimantan Beras Basah Island Betung Kerihun National Park Bukit Baka Bukit Raya National Park Baning Nature Tourist Park Danau Sentarum National Park Derawan Islands Kakaban Kutai National Park Sabangau National Park Samboja Lestari Tanjung Puting The Equator monument Sulawesi Bantimurung – Bulusaraung National Park Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park Bunaken National Park Gandang Dewata National Park Kepulauan Togean National Park Lake Tempe Lore Lindu National Park Rawa Aopa Watumohai National Park Taka Bone Rate National Park Toraja Trans Studio Makassar Wakatobi National Park Lesser Sunda Islands Awang Bay Bedugul Bali Bird Park Bali Safari and Marine Park Canggu Cempi Bay Dreamland Beach Garuda Wisnu Kencana Gili Air Gili Meno Gili Trawangan Goa Gajah Gunung Rinjani National Park Jimbaran Kelimutu Kintamani Komodo National Park Kuta Lake Segara Anak Lovina Beach Mandalika Mount Rinjani Mount Tambora Moyo Island Nusa Dua Nusa Lembongan Pecatu Rinca Sanur Seminyak Senggigi Tampaksiring Tanah Lot Tanjung Ringgit Tirta Gangga Ubud Ujung Water Palace Uluwatu Maluku and Papua Fort Belgica Lorentz National Park Puncak Jaya Raja Ampat Islands Teluk Cenderawasih National Park Wasur National Park.

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Movie online malanga. Movie Online mélanges. Malang is a city in East Java. Understand [ edit] Malang is the second largest city in East Java with a rapidly growing population of about 1. 2 million. This is a city of great historical significance. The oldest existing record of Malang as a regency is from the 8th century, when the Dinoyo I inscription describes it as the seat of government of a kingdom called Kanjuruhan. In the 13th century, the region again became the center of power, when the city of Tumapel (also called Singhasari) was the capital of the kingdom of Java. The city officially became part of the Javanese Mataram kingdom in the 17th century, and came under Dutch colonial rule in the 18th century. Unsurprisingly given that history, there are several interesting Hindu relics in this area. The city quickly became very popular with the Dutch due to its cool climate, very attractive rural surrounds and easy reach from the main trading port city of Surabaya. Modern day Malang, although significantly urbanised, has retained much of its historical character, remains vibrant and is regarded as by far the most attractive large city in the East Java region. Malang Regency is located between two groups of mountains with Mount Semeru, the highest mountain on Java, and Bromo-Tengger-Semeru National Park to the east. The biggest attraction here must be the beautiful landscape, in addition to which there are some temples not far away. Tourist information Centres [ edit] Malang Visitor Center, Jl Husni Thamrin 6A. ☎ +62 341 3031997. East Java Tourist Office, Jl Jendral Basuki Rachmat 6. ☎ +62 341 323966. Indonesian Guides Association, Jl Semeru 4. ☎ +62 341 366852. Malang City Tourist Office, Jl Tugu 1. ☎ +62 341 327661. Malang Tourism Center, Jl Jenderal Basuki Rachmad 11 ☎ +62 341 7570999 Bromo Tourims Center, Jl Panglima Sudirman 92. ☎ +62 8564 910 0851 Get in [ edit] By plane [ edit] Malang's Abdul Rachman Saleh Airport ( MLG) is a small airport with a few flights everyday from Jakarta on Garuda Indonesia [18], Sriwijaya Air [19]. Regional airline Wings Air [20] have launched a new route, serving Malang, East Java, and Denpasar, Bali. Batik Air also provides a direct connection with Makassar (May 2015). Unfortunately, there is no public transport connecting the airport with the city and the only way how to get there is by taxi (May 2015). A taxi can be arranged from a booth in the arrival hall, for fixed prices according to their list. Depending on the exact location, the prices vary between 70-90 000 (May 2015). Only little English is spoken here. In addition to MLG Airport, Malang can also be reached through Surabaya Juanda Airport (SUB), and take a train or bus service to Malang. By car [ edit] Malang is about 100 km south of Surabaya; 2-3 hr via the Surabaya-Gempol highway. You can also catch some local travel from Juanda Airport of Surabaya (1 MPV car shared with other 4-5 people) for around 75, 000 IDR one way (as of 2012) picked up from airport and dropped to your address in Malang. By bus [ edit] There are frequent bus services into Malang's Arjosari bus station from Purabaya (Bungurasih) bus terminal in Surabaya. You don't need to be in the station itself- just wait outside the bus exit gate and wait together with the locals. Rp 14000 per person (Jan 2018) on a 'Tarif Biasa' bus. Non-AC from Probolinggo Rp 14000; AC bus from Probolinggo Rp 30000 (Sept. 2013). There are night buses leaving Yogyakarta at 20:00 and arriving at Malang at 6:00. The price is Rp 135000 including dinner (Aug 2015). If you plan to board these AKAP (Interprovincial, intercity) buses, you have two options to buy and to board your bus- at the buses' agent where you buy your tickets (yes, they will pick you up there) or the main bus station of the city. Every long distance buses usually comes with a (or some) meal/s. By train [ edit] Overnight train services link Jakarta and Bandung, to Malang. There are several train services a day from Surabaya (Rp 8000 one way, reservation is possible). One advantage to arriving in Malang by train is that the station is much more central than the long-distance bus terminals. There are two daily trains (day or night journey) from Yogyakarta to Malang. The ride lasts about 7 hours. Executive class (A/C, toilet, reclining seats) costs 145, 000 IDR per person. There are also direct trains to Banyuwangi every day. If you are on a budget and planning to take the train, here's a trick. For example from Yogyakarta or Bandung, take the train Kahuripan to Blitar (Rp 84000) and take Penataran train to Malang (Rp12000). The reverse is possible. The cheapest direct train Mutiara Selatan or Malabar will cost you Rp 140000 at least. in comparison. Taking the economy class train is the best way to meet the locals. Don't worry, all Indonesian trains are now equipped with electric outlets. Buying a ticket is easy. Simply go to Kai121 [21], choose and pay, preferably using Alfamart or Indomaret payment services. Or just queue in any railway station. Get around [ edit] Becaks (pedicabs) are a great way to see the city and are easy to find around the city centre. While not particularly visible, metered taxis are also available in the city. Unlike many other cities in Indonesia, taxis do not drive around looking for passengers but sit in ranks waiting for phone orders. Unless it is raining heavily or a large number of visitors are in town for university graduation ceremonies, wait times will generally be less than 15 minutes. Malang has four official taxi firms, all offering phone booking: Citra: ☎ +62 341 490555/☎ +62 341 404040; Argo Perdana: ☎+62 341 488888; Argo Mandala: ☎+62 341 474747; Bima: ☎+62 341 364026. The above taxi firms are all equipped with working meters (Argo). Fares start at Rp 5000 for the first kilometer and Rp 300 for every subsequent 100 meters. A non-negotiable minimum fare of Rp 20, 000 applies. This is written into city laws and hence perfectly legitimate. Amazingly it is possible to get a metered taxi (generally with an unofficial Rp 30, 000 minimum fare) from the rank at Arjosari bus terminal, ignore the touts and walk to the parking lot out the front. You should easily spot the taxi rank. Always politely insist on the meter (if it is not turned on as a matter of course). Local mini van in Malang which is called "mikrolet" or "angkot" by locals tend to be blue and can be hailed at random. All journeys within the city are priced at Rp 3, 000 (as of early 2014), but if you have a lot of luggage you might have to pay extra. Some of the useful routes are the following: MM – between the Madyapuro (Eastern part of the city) and Dieng plaza mall. Goes via the train station, city square (alun alun) and the MOG mall. AL – between the Arjosari (to Surabaya) and Landungsari (to Batu) bus terminals LG – between the Landungsari and the Gadang bus terminals. If continuing southwards to Blitar or Kepanjen, get of at the Kacuk intersection. With its relatively cool climate and wide colonial streets, Malang is a great walking city. The tree-lined small boulevards around the busy throughfare of jalan Ijen make for great walks. Sidewalks are not always present so be prepared to have traffic whizzing by you on many main streets. If you are interested in renting a car with a driver for a day there are several car hire services. It's advisable to have an idea of the places that you'd like to visit and then they will give you a price. The rental period is 12 hours or in some cases from 7:00am until 11:00pm Eagle Rent Car (: D. I. No 247, Jl. Mayjen Panjaitan Dalam, Penanggungan, Klojen, Kota Malang, Jawa Timur 65113) provided a car, driver, and petrol to Batu and around Malang for 475, 000. The driver spoke little English but was friendly and knew most of the locations we requested. There are some companies that provide English speaking drivers but quote 700, 000-900, 000 on their websites. See [ edit] [ add listing] In a city of such great cultural and historical significance there are lots of cultural attractions and any visitor to Malang should dedicate some time to exploring these. There are also a number of beautiful sights in the rural areas surrounding the city. Balekambang Beach, south of Malang Balekambang Beaches, ( about 60 km south of Malang). There are actually three beaches here: Balekambang, Ngliyep and Sendang Biru. All three are quite beautiful, are close by to each other and locals most often refer to all 3 as just Balekambang. It is best to visit on weekdays as this is a very popular weekend escape and it can get get crowded. It is not safe to swim here but these are great relaxation beaches which offer some stunning coastal scenery. There is an offshore island called Pulau Sempu which can be visited by chartering a boat from Sedang Biru beach. At Balekambang beach there are three little islets just offshore which are attached to the beach by walkways. Of the three beaches, Balekambang itself is perhaps the most attractive but all three are worth visiting. The beaches are easily day-tripped from Malang in a car but for the adventurous there are basic places to stay at and around all three. Rp 10, 000. edit Ijen Boulevard, Malang. This is a quite beautiful street in the city. It is lined with well tended bougainvillea against a backdrop of old colonial structures. The street houses a number of interesting buildings including the Brawijaya Army Museum, Catholic Church and the city library. You should take in this area as part of a becak or walking tour of the historic downtown area. edit Padepokan Seni Mangun Dharma ( Mangun Dharma Art Center), Desa Tulus Besar Tumpang, ( [email protected]). Arts centre dedicated to the research, promotion and performance of traditional East Javanese artforms including dance, batik, shadow puppetry and carving. Superb place. Dance performances can be arranged on demand and are of excellent quality as the dancers are trained from childhood. Their motto is Rescuing the Arts of East Java. edit Purwodadi Botanical Gardens ( Kebun Raya Purwodadi, Pasuruan), Jl Raya Purwodadi ( about 20 km north of Malang), ( [email protected]), [1]. Opened in 1941, This is one of the four official botanical gardens in Indonesia (the others being the headquarters at Bogor, Bedugul in Bali and Cibodas in West Java. The 85 hectares of gardens house an impressive collection and the splendid Baung waterfall. edit Singosari Temple near Malang Singosari Temple ( Candi Singosari), Singosari, Malang ( about 12km north from Malang). This well preserved Hindu temple dates from 1300AD and is a reminder of the great Hindu kingdoms that ruled East Java before the arrival of Islam. A visit to the nearby bathing pools at Ken Dedes combines perfectly with Singosari Temple. Ken Dedes was the wife of the first King of Singhasari (later Singosari) and these bathing pools are believed to have been part of the royal court. There are some quite wonderful statues here. The whole area has some other fine relics from the early Hindu kingdoms including Candi Jago and Candi Kidal. Ask your guide or at Singosari Temple for further directions. edit Taman Rekreasi Senaputra ( Senaputra Park), Jalan Brawijaya, Malang. Traditional East Java dances every Sunday morning at 10AM in the park during the dry season only. Every last Wednesday of the month there is a Wayang Kulit shadow puppet show starting at 10PM. edit Brawijaya Military Museum, Jalan Ijen. M-Th 08. 00-14. 30 / F 08. 00-11. 30 / Sat-Sun 08. 00-13. 00. Museum of East Java's famous Brawijaya garrison of the Indonesian military. Interesting relics of Indonesia's revolutionary war of the late 1940s, as well as the communist purges of the late 1960s. An insight into the country's turbulent and violent past. Worth at least 45 minutes to an hour when walking through the Jalan Ijen area. edit Sempu Island, Sumber Manjing Wetan. Sempu Island is one of most beautiful island in East Java. Sempu Island is an island located 800 meters from the southern coast of the province of East Java, Indonesia. The island is 3. 9 km long and 3. 6 km wide. Its topography is largely rolling hills whose altitude ranges from 50 to 100 meters above sea level. The coastline consists mainly of limestone cliffs characteristics of the façade of the island of the Java. Point of interested in Sempu Island is Segara Anakan. edit Museum Tempo Doeloe [read tempo dulu] - literally means "olden days museum". Do [ edit] [ add listing] Go to the Brawijaya Military Museum after 9pm. There are a lot of youngsters hanging outside and there is food. This is the perfect place to meet new people Take a tour of this fine old city by pedicab. Take a walking tour of the beautiful Dutch colonial-style houses in the neighbourhoods around Jalan Ijen Visit the Alun-Alun - the central town square - to the south of one of the city's main thoroughfares of Jalan Basuki Rahmat. Particularly busy on a Sunday evening. Volunteering, [2]. ProFauna Indonesia gives the wonderful opportunity for anyone to volunteer in the organization. The activities in these projects will be decided based on your skills and experiences. By becoming ProFauna's volunteer, you will experience to be part of the wildlife conservation works in Indonesia while learning Indonesian cultures and witness its beautiful nature. 375 USD. edit Visit the local bird market and flower market - you can see lots of unique birds and pets, as well as get a glimpse into local culture here. Mount Bromo -. There are many "sunrise" tours available to Mount Bromo that can be booked at Helios Hotel (see "Sleep" section) and other locations. This is the "safe" (yet arguably dull) way to get there. If you are feeling more adventurous, you can rent a motorbike and go see the park by yourself. The ride takes about 2-3 hours each way. This ride is also not suggested for inexperienced motorbike drivers and it is not suggested that you do the ride when it is dark, so seeing the sunrise may not be an option unless you want to stay there over night. However, going later in the day guarantees that you will be at the main sights at a time when it is not swarming with tourists and you will have the freedom to chose when to stop, where to eat and where to go. Driving through the "Sea of Sand" on your own bike can be particularly exhilarating, though somewhat challenging. Many of the people working at the hotels will tell you that the roads are too dangerous and that you can't rent motorbikes in Malang. Neither of these things are true. You can rent 150cc manual dirt bikes/ trail bikes for 200, 000 rupiah a day from "MOTO East Java" (+628123399902). The roads heading there and back are usually in pretty good condition after recent repaving that was completed in early 2016, though they are very steep. Riding with 2 people on one bike may require that the passenger gets off and walks for a few short distances during the steep inclines, but it is by no means not doable. If you head to Cemoro Lawang using a map or GPS, you should have no problem figuring out where to go from there. edit Buy [ edit] [ add listing] Malang has some large shopping malls but you are better off in Surabaya for those. Local textiles and handicrafts can be found at Batik Keris, Jl Merdeka Timur 2d. Fabulous Spa & Salon, Jl Panderman 1A Malang, ☎ +62 341 9600080. Offers professional massage and spa treatments in clean and relaxing ambience including body spa, body scrub, balinese touch massage, manicure and pedicure spa. There is also a hair salon which offers haircuts and styling. Supplies are ordered in small and selected batches to ensure freshness when they are used, fresh new towels are provided for each guest. edit Khayangan - Premium Reflexology and Relaxation, Jl Welirang 2, ☎ 0341 325552, [3]. 10. 00-22. This is the newest addition of modern reflexology and massages centre in Malang. The place is located just walking distance from Jalan Semeru/Ijen. You can get variety of massages including foot reflexy, traditional massage, thai massage and others in good and relaxing place. Price is from 40k IDR. edit Eat [ edit] [ add listing] Eating is a highly rated experience here. Local specialities are best sought out at street stalls and simple warungs and include: Ayam Goreng Kampung ( fried village chicken). Tempe Bakso Malang. The city's own unique and delicious take on the Indonesian meat ball soup staple. Try Bakso Bakar, literally means "grilled meat ball". The famous one will be the one in Jl Pahlawan Trip, in the corner of the junction with Jl Ijen Jagung Bakar (grilled young corn on the cob) is everywhere. Best eaten at a streetside stalls fresh from the coals. Some of them congegrate in Pulosari Stalls. Apples (Apel). The highlands around Malang are the apple growing centre of Indonesia and the small green beauties ( manalagi) are very highly prized. Eat them here and they are sure to be fresh from the tree. Malang's night market on Jalan Merdeka operates every Saturday. A riot of flavours and smells will assault your senses. A must do for any visitor to Malang. Depot Lima Satu, Jl Letjen S. Parman 51. Tiny, hole-in-the-wall eatery serving East Javanese noodle dishes at their very best. edit Inggil, Jl Gajah Mada no4, ☎ +62 341 332110. Highly rated restaurant specialising in Javanese cuisine. edit Warung Pojok, Jl Pejajeran 25. Very well known for rujak (salad with spicy sweet peanut sauce). edit Martabak Cairo. The kopi jahe is infused with cloves for a powerful and simply decadent taste. Serving martabak, sate kambing and nasi goreng cairo. edit Warung Subuh. Dizzying array of foods, incredibly cheap, fresh and delicious. This place is booming with locals, so you know it's good. A great place to try some new and interesting food and drink. edit Bunga Bali Restaurant & Cafe, Jl. Ungaran 20, ☎ +62 (341) 341788. European food with a nice atmosphere for dining. edit Van Oosten Coffee Shop CLOSED 20/05/19, Jalan BS Riadi (Oro-Oro Dowo) No. 137, ☎ 0341 344 237, [4]. Cool coffee shop frequented by young Malang residents, mainly students studying in the city's universities. High quality coffee, great atmosphere, good food. Highly recommended for a short detour to recharge after a walking tour of the Jalan Ijen area. edit Bakso President, Behind the Mitra II building ( Close to Statsiun Malang). Outdoor cafe serving Malang's famous grilled Bakso meatballs. Highly recommended by several local residents. Situated next to a train track, so watch where you sit-- trains will literally be chugging along several feet from you as you indulge in the bakso! edit Toko Oen, Jalan Jenderal Basuki Rahmat ( Opposite the Catholic Church on Jalan Basuki Rahmat), ☎ 0341 364052. "A Colonial Landmark since 1930" so proclaims the sign above Toko Oen's entrance. Somewhat interesting Dutch-styled cafe (don't compare to Cafe Batavia) with throwback furniture and Western food favorites. Ice cream is a highlight. Best when combined with a walking tour of the Alun2 (town square area) off of Jalan Basuki Rahmat. A nice place, but incredibly slow wifi, 1 ceiling fan. edit Warung Kelir on Jalan Panglima Sudirman 92. Special menu is steak. You can ask about information of Malang and Bromo Tour also. Bvgil Gelato And Friends, Jl. Guntur No. 33, Oro-oro Dowo, Klojen, Kota Malang, Jawa Timur 65119, ☎ (0341) 3031116. Cool little place serving up unique flavors of gelato like chili chocolate, thai tea, coffee, milk, and Snickers. The selection changes from day to day. They also have an adjoining cafe that serves coffee and snacks. 22, 000 for 2 scoops, and 15-25, 000 for snack options. Popular with the young adult crowd. You can check out the Malabar forest walk afterwards, which is a quiet tree-filled park across the street. edit Drink [ edit] [ add listing] Coffee and tea are the drinks of choice for most Javanese and Malang is no exception. However the city boasts an incredibly large number of cafes, which make for great meet-up venues and are increasingly popular among the young. Most coffees are based on local productions, which are also used to prepare international coffee servings, from espresso to latte. Many cafes have also their own individual take on the ever popular coffee&milk. Traditional coffee stalls ( warkop, or angkringan) are also widely available, although their offer is usually limited to black or instant coffee. Like most other provinces in Java, tea is ubiquitous and usually served during meals. A peculiar East Javanese take on the popular green and black tea (elsewhere infused with jasmine) is a vanilla variety, which is the default version at food courts and stalls. Beer is available in most upscale restaurants, while the most common eating houses and stalls will be on average halal, hence alcohol-free. A handful of bars and pubs exist though and tend to get quite busy on weekends. Jalan Ijen and Borobudur gather a few places serving the local Indonesian beers (Bintang, Angker, Bali Hai) as well as western options. Finally, alcohol can be found also in many so-called "karaoke bars". The advice however is to approach such venues with a degree of discernment, as - especially the obviously shady and shabby ones - have on occasions attracted the attention of the police under the suspicion of prostitution activities and other semi-legal transactions. Sleep [ edit] [ add listing] Malang offers a full range of accommodation through from simple homestays to star-rated hotels. Budget [ edit] Ardjuno, Jl Brigjen Slamet Riadi No122, Malang, ☎ +62 341 326929 ( [email protected]). A bit distant from the city center but closer to shopping mall Town Square. Free WiFi. From Rp 55, 000-110, 000. edit Bamboe Denn, Jl Arjuna No1, Malang, ☎ +62 341 366256. A bit of legend on the backpacker circuit, this dorm is attached to an English language school and you will be asked to talk to the kids. From Rp 30, 000. edit Gress Homestay, Jl Kahayan no. 6, Malang, ☎ +62 341 491386 ( [email protected]), [5]. A nice budget option. Stay in a family house owned by the charming Mrs Grace Marten who speaks English, Dutch and Indonesian. Rp 100, 000-110, 000. edit Hotel Helios, Jl Patimura No37, Malang, ☎ +62 341 362741 ( [email protected]), [6]. Great value place aimed at backpackers. Very new and clean rooms, but cheap ones are really small and have a shared (also very clean) bathroom. Free wifi. English, Dutch and Indonesian speaking. Tours can also be booked here which are not overpriced. Rp. 250, 000 to 450, 000. ( -7. 9732, 112. 6348) edit Kampong Tourist, Jl Patimura No37, Malang, ☎ +62 341 345797 ( [email protected]), [7]. The best place for backpackers. Clean, good atmosphere, hot water, wifi, local tours, cafe and bar, tv. English and Indonesian speaking. 55, 000 to 140, 000. 6348) edit Hotel Menara, Jl. Pajajaran no. 5, Malang, ☎ +62 341 362871 ( [email protected]). Same area as Helios, a few minutes walk from the train station. Rooms are slightly worn but large. The restaurant serves very cheap and delicious Indonesian food (10-20, 000 Rp). From Rp 135, 000(incl. breakfast, May 2015). (, 112. 6349) edit Citihub Hotel, Jl Jaksa Agung Suprapto No11, Malang, ☎ +62 341 369385, [8].. 210, 000. edit Homestay Information, Jl Bunga Camalia No 9, Malang, ☎ +62 82232798131 ( [email protected]), [9]. You can ask about tourism, and you can ask about homestay as your budget. 95, 000 to 500, 000. edit Jonas Homestay, Jl Sutomo no. 4 Malang, ☎ +62341-324678 ( -), [10]. Homestay with low budget, not far from train station. Comfortable and clean, feels like home. 60, 000 to 250, 000. edit. Mid-range [ edit] Amaris Hotel, Jl Letjend Sutoyo No. 39 ( Near intersection of Jalan Sarangan and Jalan Letjen Sutoyo), ☎ +62 341 419 191 ( [email protected]), [11]. checkin: 12. 00 am; checkout: 14. 00 pm. Clean and affordable budget hotel owned by the Santika group, and ideal for business and budget travellers. It is also a convenient base for exploring the area's many attractions. Wi-fi access, pool, meeting room facilities all available. From Rp 340, 000. edit Kertanegara Premium Guest House, Jl Semeru 59 ( Near intersection of Jalan Ijen and Jalan Semeru), ☎ +61 341 368 992 ( [email protected]), [12]. checkin: 11. Kertanegara Premium Guest House is a new premium accommodation in Malang, Indonesia which was first launched in early October 2012. It offers a range of non-smoking only rooms at competitive prices. Kertanegara Premium Guest House provides direct online-booking system and instant credit-card processing via PayPal. Additionally, the accommodation has 100% smoke free environment both inside the rooms and in the common areas. Kertanegara Premium Guest House also offers the fastest dedicated high-speed broadband connection available in Malang region which makes it suitable for international business travellers. From Rp 330, 000. edit Hotel Pelangi, Jl Merdeka Selatan 3, Malang 65119, ☎ +62 341 365156 ( [email protected], fax: +62 341 365466). Centrally located mid range hotel in the city. From about Rp 400, 000. 983689, 112. 629776) edit Graha Cakra Hotel, Jl Cerme No16, ☎ +62 341 324989 ( [email protected]), [13]. A converted colonial building that dates from 1930s. Designed by Dutch architect Ir Mueller. Has been operating as a hotel since 1994. 52 rooms, large swimming pool and restaurant. From €50. edit Regent's Park Hotel, Jl Jaksa Agung Suprapto 12-16, Malang 65111, ☎ +62 341 363 888 ( [email protected]), [14]. Large 100 room modern hotel which is a little lacking in character but offers good value and service. From Rp 430, 000. edit Savana Hotel and Convention, Jl Letjend Sutoyo No. 32-34 ( Near the intersection of Jalan Sarangan and Jalan Letjen Sutoyo), ☎ +62 341 495 555 ( [email protected]), [15]. Modern, clean and spacious hotel at the heart of the city. ATMs, Garuda Airlines office, Shuttle service, Wi-fi access, indoor swimming pool, gym, spa, meeting room facilities and three dining places in site; after 5ive dine and lounge in the sky, Terrata Restaurant, and Kayu Manis Lounge. edit Splurge [ edit] Tugu Hotel, Jl. Tugu No3, Malang, East Java, Indonesia, ☎ +62 341 363891 ( [email protected]), [16]. The sister hotel of the famous Tugu Hotel in Canggu, Bali and a similar type of property. It is fitted and furnished with a range of fine Javanese antiquities. The owners of the Tugu rescued and relocated many splendid old trees here when property developers razed the old Malang botanical gardens. Located in the heart of the old town and looks out on the Tugu Monument which commemorates the independence struggle in Indonesia. A four star property but it feels better than that. Highly recommended From US$105 for a deluxe room up to US$1, 000 for the Apsara suite. edit Villa in Malang ( Perfect for Groups), [17]. checkin: flexible; checkout: flexible. Comfortably and peacefully located near Apple garden, surrounded by Arjuna, Kawi and Welirang mountains, the villa offers beautiful scenery for its visitors. At an altitude of 1300m above sea level, the sea views are magnificent and the cool fresh air rejuvenates travelers at the villa. Suitable for groups such as family gatherings, group retreat, and also New year's firework ritual. This 6 bedroom villa has also a kitchen for you to prepare meals. USD 235 per night. edit Get out [ edit] Batu - nearby hill town. Very cool, fresh and visually extremely attractive. Wonosari tea plantation near Lawang Bromo-Tengger-Semeru National Park - active volcanoes and unearthly scenery. Beware that the road connecting Ngadas with Cemoro Lawang will be closed for repair works until October 2015 Surabaya Frequent buses from Arjosari terminal will drop you in Probolinggo, 18. 000Rp, 2h30min. Taman Safari Prigen - A large zoo located about 40 kilometers and a 1. 5 hour drive away north of Malang towards Surabaya on the slopes of the Arjuna volcano, high enough for the temperature and humidity to be very pleasant compared to lowland Java. This is a well-kept nice zoo, which includes a drive-through section that allows close encounters to several large mammals, including lions, tigers, rhinos, hippos, all manner of deers and antelopes, babirusas, and so on. The admission prices are steep, especially for foreigners. If you have visited the Taman Safari in Bogor you can skip this one, as it is very much similar. Contact [ edit] The telephone area code for Malang is 0341 This is a usable article. It has information for getting in as well as some complete entries for restaurants and hotels. An adventurous person could use this article, but please plunge forward and help it grow!

Movie online malay. YouTube. Movie online malang urdu. Malang movie online watch. Watch malang movie online. Movie online malang bollywood. Movie online malang tamil. Movie Online mélange. 1. Very good class of acting, and Aditya is already known for that kind of acting as he did in Fitoor and ashiqui 2. br> 2. For story I can give 6.5, but the way they are representing this story is much better...
3. Filming and directing is also very good. . Malang hindi movie online. Malang movie online download. Malang full movie online hd. Movies online malayalam free. After so many days, Bollywood has presented us a good crime thriller. It has romance, some good comedy and suspense. Really a must watch.

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Malang Movie Synopsis MALANG is the story of love and revenge. Two tracks run simultaneously in the film. The flashback track shows Advait (Aditya Roy Kapur), with a disturbing family history, going to Goa for some fun. Here he bumps into Sara (Disha Patani) who has come to Goa from abroad to conquer MALANG is the story of love and revenge. Here he bumps into Sara (Disha Patani) who has come to Goa from abroad to conquer her fears. Over drugs and running away from the police, they fall for each other. At first they decide to keep their relationship casual but things get serious. In the present day track, five years later, Advait has just got released from the jail. He's now a killing machine with rage in his eyes. As soon as he's out, he calls Inspector Anjaney Agashe (Anil Kapoor) and informs him that he's about to commit a murder. Agashe takes it lightly at first but in no time, Advait kills a person, that too a police inspector named Victor (Vatsal Seth). Few hours later, he kills two more cops – Nitin Salgaonkar (Keith Sequeira) and Deven Jadhav (Prasad Jawade). All three work under Inspector Michael (Kunal Kemmu). He's married to Teresa (Amruta Khanvilkar) and his marriage is on the rocks. He believes in following the law and faces trouble in solving the case with Agashe, who relies on committing encounters on the spot. Both get to work before Advait can kill anyone else. In the course of his investigation, Michael begins to follow Jessie (Elli AvrRam) who he believes is connected with the case. Meanwhile, Agashe comes face to face with Advait. The latter had the opportunity to escape but he doesn't. He wilfully surrenders. What happens next forms the rest of the film. Read more.

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